Environmental or surrounding

Meaning of the message itself

Mind/Mindfulness

Body Signals

Claims that communication must meet certain standards for effective communication to take place

Makes the speeches understandable. Fuzzy languages is absolutely forbidden as jargons, cliche expressions and doublespeak languages

Messages must be supported by facts such as research data. To achieve concreteness, abstract words must be avoided.

Builds goodwill. It involves being polite in approach and manner

Glaring mistakes in grammar obscures the meaning of a sentence

The recipients profession, level of education, race, ethnicity, hobbies, interests, passions, advocacies and age is considered when delivering a message

Means having the ability to craft interesting messages in terms of sentence structure and word choice

Avoid lengthy expressions and words that may confuse the recipient.

Empowering diverse cultures, lifestyles, and races and the pursuit for gender equality

Make messages interesting to command more attention and better responses

The principle governing communication, the right an wrong aspects of it, the moral-immoral dimensions relevant to interpersonal communication

Responsible thinking, decision-making, development of relationships and community

Asserts to always treat others in the same way you want to be treated.

Stresses on treating others the way they wish to be treated. Ethical communicators address people of other cultures with the same respect that they would like to receive themselves.

The golden rule asserts to always treat others in the same way you want to be treated. While the platinum rule according to Bennett (1980) stresses on treating others the way they wish to be treated. Ethical Communicators address people of other cultures with the same respect that they would like to receive themselves.

Humans are not only cognitive but also emotional beings. If we are less careful with our words, tone, and non-verbal gestures, people could be negatively affected. To be ethical in communicating with others, it will be best to maintain tact and diplomacy in our communications.

Source of ideas and information should be acknowledged appropriately at all times. It is unethical and unlawful for someone to convey other people’s intellectual property without recognizing the author’s names or organizations.

This is a universal rule. Unfortunately, there are also those who (for whatever reason) seem to enjoy propagating falsehood. Take for instance the abundance of fake news or what others call alternative facts on the Internet. Obviously, this is a violation of communication ethics and should be stopped by all means.

Dyadic Communication, Public Communication, Small Group Communication

Provides necessary space for each communicative partner to contribute to the relationship. The space that nourishes the persons together - relationship. It is an ethical responsibility, not a flaw or limitation.

As one seeks a path in life, interpersonal relationship responsibility invites a balance of distance and closeness in each relationship, which defines the quality of our interpersonal lives. (Stewart,2006)

Intimidation & Threatening others

Backstabbing & inappropriate jokes

Eavesdropping

Euphemism and lying

Hoarding information & cover-ups

Acts which attempt to gain compliance or control through exploitation

It advocates truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication ( National Communication Association, 1999 )

It endorses “freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision-making fundamental to a civil society”

It condemns communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred.”

It believes that communicators should “accept responsibility for the short and long term consequences of our own communication and expect the same of others.”

Speaker-centered model, there is no feed-back

Believes that a convenient way to describe an act of communication is to answer the following questions ; who, say’s what, in which channel, to whom, with what effect?

Considers a strong relation between responds from surroundings and the process of communication

Mother of all Models

Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver

Describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social relational, and cultural contexts.

The process of communication evolves from the very birth of an individual and continue till the existing moment

Alexander(1984) stated that communication occurs when a sender expresses an emotion or a feeling,creates an idea, or senses the need to communicate. The communication process is triggered when the sender makes a conscious or unconscious decision to share the message with another person-the receiver.

May be anyone - an author of a book, a person you are talking to, etc.

It is the meaning shared between the sender and the receiver

The means by which channel is delivered

is the decoder of the incoming message

Is the reply of the receiver. It confirms that the message is understood

The place, the feeling, the mood, the mindset and the condition of both sender and receiver

It involves the expectations of the sender and the receiver and the common or shared understanding through environmental signals.

Barrier or block that prevents effective communication to take place