The set of standards that enable people to live cooperatively in groups.

It’s what societies determine to be “right” and “acceptable.”

Morality is not fixed.

What’s considered acceptable in your culture might be acceptable in another culture.

These all influence morals:

What are the 4 theories on how morals are developed?

Moral development occurred as a person’s ability to set aside their selfish needs were replaced by the values of important socializing agents (such as a person’s parents).

Our morals develop because man is not self-centered.

Focused on the social-cognitive and social-emotional perspective of development.

The way in which people process, remember, and use information in social contexts to explain and predict their own behavior and that of others.

The process of developing the self-awareness, self-control, and interpersonal skills.

Morals unfolds together as one ages or as the body develops physically, since their intellect capacity and knowledge also develops.

Theorized that moral development unfolds over time, in certain stages as children learn to adopt certain moral behaviors for their own sake—rather than just abide by moral codes because they don’t want to get into trouble.

[Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development]

What are 2 Phases of Moral Development?

This phase, more common among children, is characterized by the idea that rules come from authority figures in one’s life, such as parents, teachers, and God.

This phase is more common after one has matured and is no longer a child. In this phase, people begin to view the intentions behind actions as more important than their consequences.

Rules may be broken under certain circumstances.

Focused on the power of external forces that shaped an individual’s development.

Learning is a process of ‘conditioning’ in an environment of stimulus, reward and punishment.

Values/ideas/knowledge obtained through a formal education.

Occurs naturally wherein these are their experiences in their daily life.

Proposed six stages of moral development that went beyond Piaget’s theory.

Through a series of questions, He proposed that an adult’s stage of reasoning could be identified.

3 Levels in Kohlberg’s moral reasoning:

[Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning]

Level 1: Preconventional

Includes:

[Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning]

Behavior driven by avoiding punishment.

Ex: If you obeyed your parents as a kid, you will not be beaten.

[Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning]

Behavior driven by self-interest and rewards.

[Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning]

Level 2: Conventional

Includes:

[Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning]

Behavior driven by social approval.

What the majority believes is right, is what is right.

[Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning]

Behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order.

Laws are unquestionably accepted and obeyed.

[Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning]

Level 3: Post-conventional

Includes:

[Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning]

Behavior driven by balance of social order and individual rights.

[Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning]

You try to balance the laws and the rights of the people, wherein you try to see if the law does not overpower the rights of the people.

[Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning]

If there are multiple laws and it overpowers one’s right, it has a tendency to be destructive and restrictive. In a sense, that one will not be able to move freely.

[Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning]

Behavior driven by internal moral principles.

We use our inner conscience to determine what action will be used.

Is the criteria of judgment about the sorts of person we ought to be and the sorts of action we ought to perform.

[The Norms of Morality]

Man does not act in accordance to his nature.

[The Norms of Morality]

Human nature quantify as justification as to why an act be it good or bad is performed.

The morality of man follows:

Is immediately applicable to the acts.

There is to follow human nature which is the low end of a human being.

Ex: The stimulus of hunger to eat the food regardless as to whether it is for somebody else, spoilt or poisonous.

Norms that someone does because of a stimulus.

Follow divine nature which are decisions that are based on morality.

Ex: If man decides to study the situation by not initially grabbing the "opportunity", then he acted in relation to this norm.

He thinks about the consequences, and thinks about the benefits to others and himself.

What are the 7 Defective Norms of Morality?

1. Hedonism

2. Utilitarianism

3-7. ??????????????????

The Philosophy of Pleasure that pleasure alone is the primary purpose of man’s existence.

[Hedonism]

“The maximization of ______ and minimization of _____”.

The ends of an action must be good, if it is not then the action is unjustified.

If the outcome of a thing is good then it is acceptable, otherwise it is unacceptable.

From the word “____” adheres to the belief that: an act is good or right if it promotes happiness, and bad or immoral if it is tends to produce pain.

Utilitarianism was founded by __________ and popularized by ____________.

What are the 2 Types of Utilitarianism?

Also called egoism.

An ethical theory holding that the good is based on the pursuit of self-interest.

Also called altruism.

Refers to a quality possessed by people whose focus is on something other than themselves, and its root reveals the object of those generous tendencies.

Human reason is the only foundation of morality.

___________ dubbed Moral Rationalism as "___________".

People have to do good because we ought to be good in doing so he is implying blind obedience.

In Immanuel Kant's philosophy “___________”, in as much as reason creates the law, it is “reasonable” for men to obey it without question nor ambiguity.

Is the theory that maintains that all knowledge and all truths are derived from human reason.

We must do good because we must, it is our duty to obey unconditionally without questioning (Principle of Deontology).

Morality is adherence to State Laws.

An act is moral if it obeys the law and evil if he disobeys it.

[Moral Positivism]

_________ is the foundation of morality, since laws are geared for the common good apparently.

Morality is ever-changing until it reached its perfect form.

Our morality continues to develop over time. Our quality of action changes.

[Moral Evolutionism]

____________ added that man was born with hardly any basis for right and wrong and their collective lives is a never-ending struggle for change until they reach perfection.

Men are born with a special moral sense (not reason) that is comparable to the five senses.

[Moral Sense]

______ is inherent to every person. We were born with it and we need to develop it slowly.

Ex: Man can easily differentiate noise from music, salty from sweet as well as pleasant and unpleasant that may also serve as means to moral judgment.

Although this is more of an economic theory, its social implication cannot be denied and is geared for a classless society.

They believed in the philosophy of material dialectics.

A person is materialistic. A person will only believe in something if there is concrete evidence that you can see it or that it exists.

[Communism]

A moral philosophy which is the logical consequence of it or view of morality known as _____________.

What only matters is the Reality.

Communism logically follows: