On the other hand, (a)   define planning as the “the selection and sequential ordering and tasks required to achieve an organizational goal”.

Planning, according to (a)   is “deciding what will be the done, who will do it, where, when and how it will be done, and the standards to which it will be done.''

“The decision about long- range goals and the course to achieve these goals”. (one to ten years)

(a)  

“The process of determining the contributions that can make with allocated resources”. (six months to two years)

(a)  

“The process of determining how specific tasks can best accomplish on time with available resources.” (one week to one year)

(a)  

It consists of various steps depending on the management level that performs the planning task.

(a)  

A (a)   may be defined as a “quantitative or qualitative measuring device designed to help monitor the performance of people, capital goods, or processes.”

This is the written document or blueprint for implementing and controlling an organization’s marketing activities related to a particular marketing strategy.

(a)  

This is a written document that states the quantity of output company must produce in broad terms and by product family.

(a)  

It is a document that summarizes the current financial situation of the firm, analyzes financial needs, and recommends a direction for financial activities.

(a)  

It is a document that indicates that human resource needs of a company detailed in terms of quantity and quality and based on the requirements of the company’s strategic plan.

(a)  

These are plans intended to cover a period of less than one year. First-line supervisors are mostly concerned with these plans.

(a)  

These are plans to cover a time span of more than one year. These are mostly undertaken by middle and top management.

(a)  

These are plans that are used again and again, and they focus on managerial situations that recur repeatedly.

(a)  

These plans are specifically developed to implement courses of action that are relatively unique and are unlikely to be repeated.

(a)  

They are broad guidelines to aid managers at every level in making decisions about recurring situations of function.

(a)  

They are plans that describe the exact series of actions to be taken in a given situation.

(a)  

They are statements that either require or forbid a certain action.

(a)  

According to Weston and Brigham, is “a plan which sets forth the projected expenditure for a certain activity and explains where the required funds will come from.''

(a)  

It is a single- use plan designed to coordinate a large set of activities.

(a)  

It is a single-use plan that is usually more limited in scope than a program and is sometimes prepared to support a program.

(a)  

It is the function of management which follows planning. It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources and developing productive relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals.

(a)  

All the activities which have to be performed in a concern have to be identified first. For example, preparation of accounts, making sales, record keeping, quality control, inventory control, etc. all these activities have to be grouped and classified into units.

(a)  

In this step, the manager tries to combine and group similar and related activities into units or departments. This organization of dividing the whole concern into independent units and departments is called departmentation.

(a)  

Once the departments are made, the manager likes to classify the powers and its extent to the managers. This activity of giving a rank in order to the managerial positions is called hierarchy. The top management is into formulation of policies, the middle level management into departmental supervision and lower-level management into supervision of foremen. The clarification of authority helps in bringing efficiency in the running of a concern.

(a)  

Relationships are established among various groups to enable smooth interaction toward the achievement of the organizational goal. Each individual is made aware of his authority, and he/she knows whom they have to take orders from and to whom they are accountable and to whom they have to report.

(a)  

According to the principle, the whole work of a concern should be divided amongst the subordinates on the basis of qualifications, abilities and skills. It is through division of work specialization can be achieved which results in effective organization.

(a)  

According to the principle, all the functions in a concern should be completely and clearly defined to the mangers and subordinates.

(a)  

According to the principle, span of control is a span of supervision which depicts the number of employees that can be handled and controlled effectively by a single manager.

(a)  

It is one in which a manager can supervise and control effectively a large group of persons at one time. According to this span, one manager can effectively and efficiently handle a large number of subordinates at one time.

(a)  

According to this span, the work and authority is divided amongst many subordinates and a manager doesn’t supervises and control a very big group of people under him. The manager according to this span supervises a selected number of employees at one time.

(a)  

It is the process of identifying, assessing, placing, developing and evaluating individuals at work. It is the managerial function of recruitment, selection, training, developing, promotion and compensation of personnel.

(a)  

It is the first step in staffing and is defined as the on-going process of systematic planning to achieve optimum use of an organization's most valuable asset - its human resources.

(a)  

It is an assessment of future human resource needs in relation to the current capabilities of the organization.

(a)  

(a)   which means translating the forecasted human resource needs to personnel objectives and goals.

(a)   which refers to monitoring human resource action plans and evaluating their success.

It refers to attracting qualified persons to apply for vacant positions in the company so that those who are best suited to serve the company may be selected.

(a)  

•According to Dale Yoder, “ (a)   is the process in which candidates by employment are divided into two classes those who are to be offered employment and those who are not.”

•According to (a)   , “Selection is the process in which candidates by employment are divided into two classes those who are to be offered employment and those who are not.”

The (a)   provides information about the persons characteristics such as age, marital status, address, education, background, experience, and special interest. After reading the application blank, the evaluator will have some basis on whether or not to proceed further in evaluating the applicant.

(a)   are those written by previous employees, co-workers, teachers, club officers, etc., there statement may provide some vital information on the character of the applicant.

Information may be gathered in an (a)   by asking a series of relevant questions to the job candidate.

This involves an evaluation of the future behavior or performance of an individual.

(a)  

The new employee also undergoes the (a)   by pairing him with an experienced employee.

It refers to the learning that is provided in order to improve performance on the present job.

(a)  

According to (a)   :

“Training is an act of increasing the knowledge and skill of an employee for doing a particular job.”

It is the systematic evaluations of the individuals with respect to his performance on the job and his potential for development. It is the measurement of employee performance.

(a)  

Standards are set for the realistic worker output and later on used in evaluating the performance on non-managerial employees.

(a)  

Each evaluator arranges employees in rank order from the best to the poorest.

(a)  

The evaluator recalls and writes down specific but critical incidents that indicate the employee’s performance. A critical incident occurs when employee’s behavior results in an unusual success or failure on some parts of the job.

(a)  

Each trait or characteristic to be rated is represented by a scale on which the rater indicates the degree to which the individual possesses the trait or characteristic.

(a)  

The evaluator composes statements that best describe the person evaluated.

(a)  

Where specific goals are set collaboratively for the organizations as a whole, for various subunits, and for each individual member. Individuals are then evaluated on the basis of how well they have achieved the results specified by the goals.

(a)  

Where one is evaluated by persons other than the immediate superior. This method is used for evaluating managers.

(a)  

The evaluator checks statements on a list that are deemed to characterize an employee’s behavior or performance.

(a)  

This are given to employees whose performance is at par or above standard requirements.

(a)  

This refers to a movement by a person into a position of higher pay and greater responsibilities and which is given to a reward for competence and ambition.

(a)  

This is the movement of the person to a different job at the same or similar level of responsibility in the organization.

(a)  

This is a movement from one position to another which has less pay or responsibility attached to it. It is used as a form of punishment or as temporary measure to keep an employee until he is offered a higher position.

(a)  

It is the will of the employee to resign and he must notify the company weeks before he resign.

(a)  

(a)   or termination is the last option that the manager exercises when employees performance is poor or when an employee violates the rules and regulation of the company. This is usually made after training efforts fail to produce positive results.

It is a process of sharing information through symbols, including words and message.

(a)  

The (a)   is the person who is trying to communicate a message.

The (a)   is the recipient of the message and must translate the words into thoughts, process the thoughts, and determine how to respond to the sender.

(a)   is the medium used by the sender to send the message to the receiver. This may be in-person, via telephone, e-mail, text message, written correspondence or third-party.

It refers to interference that takes place during the communication process.

(a)  

(a)   is the process of determining if the message has been properly received.

(a)   is another way of taking into consideration the setting.

The (a)   refers to a series of actions or steps taken in order to successfully communicate.

(a)   are anything within your organization that prevents people from receiving or understanding messages, ideas, and information.