causes receptor enzymes to undergo a change in shape

causes receptor proteins to undergo a change in shape

causes dna to undergo a change in shape

causes rna to undergo a change in shape

plasma membrane proteins

receptor proteins

receptor enzymes

plasma membrane enzymes

cause activation of a protein

causes activation of an enzyme

causes activation of a receptor

causes activation of a dna cell

plasma membraner enzymes

plasma membrane proteins

receptor enzymes

receptors proteins

multi step pathway that involves different molecules

one step pathway that involves different molecules

activation of enzymes by adding phosphates

activation of enzymes by removing phosphates

activation of proteins by adding phosphates

activation of proteins by adding or removing phosphates

Release of large molecules or ions acting as receptor molecules

release of small molecules or ions acting as receptor molecules

release of small molecules or ions acting as signaling molecules

release of large molecules or ions acting as signaling molecules

if proteins transmits signals to numerous molecules

if enzymes transmits signals to numerous molecules

if molecules transmits signals to one molecule

if molecules transmits signals to numerous molecules

regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activites

regulation of translation or cytoplasmic activities

regulation of transduction or cytoplasmic acitivites

regulation of replication or cytoplasmic activites

integration of unicellular signaling pathways

integration of multicellular signaling pathways

no

yes

for cell proteins to integrate multiple singals

for cell proteins to integrate one signal

for cell requirements to carry appropriate cells and cell proteins to integrate one signal

for cell requirements to carry appropriate cells and cell proteins to integrate multiple signals

put together DNA fragments with organelles

chop up DNA fragments with organelles

chop up RNA fragments with organelles

put together RNA fragments with organelles

Separates DNA and base pairs from connecting

separate RNA and base pairs from connecting

separates RNA and base pairs from separating

separate DNA and base pairs from separating

single pairs

triple pairs

base pairs

dna pairs

makes sure RNA base pairs are tightened so helicase can together them

make sure DNA base pairs are tightened so helicase can together them

make sure DNA base pairs are loosened so helicase can separate them

make sure RNA base pairs are loosened so helicase can separate them

primase allows for DNA to be separated to the base pairs

primase allows for RNA to be separated to the base pairs

primase allows for DNA to be connected to base pairs

primase allows for RNA to be connected to base pairs

x shaped region where RNA strands elongate

y shaped region where DNA strands elongate

x shaped region where DNA strands elongate

y shaped region where RNA strands elongate

due to nucleotides being there to add on to a 3 prime end

due to nucleotides not being there to add on to a 5 prime end

due to nucleotides being there to add on to a 5 prime end

due to nucleotides not being there to add on to a 3 prime end

happens at a dna ligand since parent templates separate

happens at replication fork since child templates separate

happens at replication fork since parent templates separate

happens at dna ligand since child templates separate

so a small amount of replication can be done for precision

so a large amount of transcription can be done

so a small amount of transcription can be done for precision

so a large amount of replication can be done

activates when the replication fork opens up

activates when replication fork closes up

activates when transcription opens up

activates when transcription closes up

after replication fork, allows for rough travel to 3 prime 5 prime strands

after replication fork allows for smooth travel 5 prime 3 prime strands

after replication fork allows for rough travel 3 prime 5 prime strands

after replication fork allows for smooth travel 3 prime 5 prime strands

extends leading strand and is replaced by RNA

extends leading strand and is replaced by DNA

extends lagging strand and is replaced by RNA

extends lagging strand and is replaced by DNA

has fragments come together after DNA primase connects them

has fragments come together after RNA primase connects them

has fragments separate after DNA primase connects them

has fragments separate after rna primase connects them

DNA primer

Enzymes

proteins

RNA Primer

way to generate DNA primer on leading strand

way to generate RNA primer on leading strand

way to generate RNA primer on lagging strand

way to generate DNA primer on lagging strandf

By removing DNA primer

By removing RNA primer

By removing proteins

By removing enzymes

False

True

due to mistakes in transcription

due to mistakes in replication

due to mistakes in transduction

due to mistakes in translation

repair proteins correct erros in translation

repair proteins correct errors in base pairing

repair enzymes correct errors in translation

repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing

Proofreads new DNA and replaces wrong nucleotides

proofreads new RNA and replaces wrong nucleotides

proofreads DNA and replaces nucleic acids

proofreads RNA and replaces nucleic acids

Eternal factors, chemical changes

internal factors, physical changes

external factors, chemical and physical changes

internal factors, chemical and physical changes

Protease cuts out damaged DNA and replaces it

Nuclease cuts out damaged DNA and replaces it

Protease cuts out damaged RNA and replaces it

Nuclease cuts out damaged RNA and replaces it

Yes

No

No way to replace RNA primer that leaves

No way to replace DNA primer that leaves

No way to replace Protease that leaves

No way to replace Nuclease that leaves

Centromeres

Microtic Spindle Fibers

Catalyzers

Telomeres

Nucleotide sequences at the end of chromosome DNA molecules

Protein sequences at the end of chromosome DNA molecules

Enzyme sequences at the end of chromosome DNA molecules

Chromatid Sequences at the end of chromosome DNA molecules

Proteases

Nucleases

Dna Polymerase I

telomerase

Protects cancer cells

Protects DNA

Protects RNA

Protects proteins

leads to shortening cells

leads to longer cells

leads to apoptosis in cells

leads to necrosis in cells

RNA and protein complex in the cytoplasm in eurkaryotic cells

RNA and protein complex in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

Dna and proteins complex in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells

Dna and protein complex in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

Linear RNA molecules associated with small amount of proteins

Linear DNA molecules associated with small amount of proteins

Linear DNA molecules associated with large amount of proteins

Linear RNA molecules associated with large amount of proteins

RNA winds around and has activators that wins and unwinds RNA if histylations occurs

DNA wins around and has activators that winds and unwinds DNA if hyistylation occurs

Prochromatin

Euchromatin

Eukaryotic chromosome

prokaryotic chromosome

regions of chromatin that is (telomeres) condensed into heterochromatin

regions of chromosomes that is (telomeres) condensed into heterochromatin

regions of chromosomes that is (centromeres/telomeres) condensed into heterchromatin

regions of chromatid that is (centromeres/telomeres) condensed into heterochromatin

When the RNA is most compacted in the cell cycle

When the DNA is separated by spindle fibers

When the DNA is most compacted in the cell cycle

When the RNA is separated by spindle fibers

a cell's surface converted to a specific cellular response that convert's signals on a cell's surface into cellular responses

False

False

True

by second messengers

by physical messengers

by electrical messengers

by chemical messengers

when hormones travel through the bloodstream

when proteins travel through bloodstream

when enzymes travel through the bloodstream

when red blood cells travel through the bloodstream

Discovered how centromeres act on cells (through three processes)

Discovered how epinephrine act on cells (through three processes)

Discovered how centromeres act on cells (through two processes)

Discover how epinephrine act on cells (through two processes)

Signal, Response, transduction

Response, signal, transduction

Transduction, reception, signal

signal, transduction, response

An organelle near the centriole where the spindle fibers develop in cell division

False

A signaling protein (intracellular fluid)

A signaling enzyme (extracellular fluid)

signaling molecule (extracellular fluid)

signaling cascade (intracellular fluid)

relay proteins in a signal transduction pathway (cytoplasm)

relay protein in a signal transduction pathway (plasma membrane )

relay molecules in signal transduction pathway (plasma membrane )

relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway (cytoplasm)

activation of cellular response (plasma membrane)

activation of cellular response (cytoplasm)

activation of cellular response (nucleus)

activation of cellular response (extracellular fluid)

signal molecules that bind to receptor enzyme, changing shape

signal molecules that binds to receptor protein, keeping shape

signal molecules that binds to receptor enzyme, keeping shape

signal molecules that binds to receptor protein, changing shape

True

False

initial response of signal

initial signal of signal

initial reception of signal

initial transduction of signal

extracellular fluid protein

cytoplasm proteins

plasma membrane proteins

nucleus proteins

GPCR's, RTK's, and ligand receptors

GPCR's, RTK's and ion channel receptors

small family cell-surface receptors that work with the help of a R protein

large family cell-surface receptors works with the help of a R protein

small family cell-surface receptor that works with the help of a G protein

large family cell-surface receptor that works with help of G protein

GDP is bonded to G protein , G proteins becomes active

GDP is bonded to G protein, G protein becomes inactive

GTP is bonded to G protein, G protein becomes active

GTP is bonded to G protein, G protein inactive

GTP turns to GDP with the help. of a protein binding to gpcr

GTP turns to GDP with the help of an enzyme binding to gpcr

GTP turns to GDP with the help of a cascade binding to gpcr

GTP turns to GDP with the help of a ligand binding to gpcr

membrane receptors attach phosphate groups to tyrosine

membrane receptors detached phosphate groups to tyrosine

Signal one transduction pathway

Signal two transduction pathways

signal multiple transduction pathways

Primer

RNA primer

Dimer

RNA Dimer

A primase tyrosine region getting un-phosphorylated

A kinase tyrosine region getting un-phosphorylated

a primase tyrosine region getting phosphorylated

a kinase tyrosine region getting phosphorylated

acts as a gate when receptors change shapes

acts as a gate when proteins aren't working correctly

False

True

enzymes found in cytosol or nucleus to target cells

proteins found in cytosol or nucleus to target cells

enzymes found in cytoplasm or plasma membrane to target cells

proteins found in cytoplasm or plasma membranes to target cells

hydrophilic or large chemical messengers that activate receptors

hydrophillic or small chemical messengers that activate receptor

hydrophobic or large chemical messengers that activate receptors

hydrophobic or small chemical messengers that activate receptors

when a receptor complex that acts as a translation factor, turning off specific genes

when a receptor complex that acts as a transcription factor, turning on specific genes

when a receptor complex that act as a translation factor, turning on specific genes

when a receptor complex that act as a transcription factor, turning off specific genes

proteins

enzymes

DNA

RNA

transfer DNA from ATP to protein by phosphorylation

transfer RNA from ATP to protein by phosphorylation

transfer phosphates from ATP to protein by phosphorylation

transfer ligand from ATP to protein by phosphorylation

adds phosphates from proteins

removes proteins from a cell

adds proteins from a cell

removes phosphates from proteins

second messenger

third messenger

4th messenger

1st messenger

small, non proteins that are soluble in water

large, non proteins that are soluble in water

small, proteins that are insoluble in water

large, proteins that are insoluble in water

by osmosis

by cell signaling

by translation

by diffuison

Cascade

Cyclic Amp

DNA ligase

RNA primer

enzyme in plasma membrane that converts ATP to cAMP in response to extracellular signal

protein in plasma membrane that converts ATP to cAMP in response to extracellular signal

enzyme in cytoplasms that converts ATP to cAMP in response to extracellular signal

protein in cytoplasms that converts ATP to cAMP in response to extracellular signal

A response in the cell and cascade being started

a response in the cell and rna primer being started

no response in the cell

regulation of transcription

regulation of replication

regulation of one or more cell activities

regulation of translation

1

2

3

4

amplifying signal response, transduction, translation, and termination of signal

amplifying signal response, specific response, efficiency of response, and termination of signal

proteins that keep enzymes together

proteins that keep proteins together

proteins that keep DNA together

proteins that keep RNA together

Ligands no longer present, leading to no receptor bound and termination

enzymes no longer present, leading to receptor bound and termination

proteins no longer present, leading to no receptor bound and termination

action potential from a motor neuron releases acetyl choline and when the acetyl choline is released, it causes depolarization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which leads to the release of calcium ions (ca^2+). While calcium ions are released, actin is blocked by troponin and tropomyosin, which actin is the binding site for myosin. Calcium ions bind to the troponin and cause the tropomyosin to move, leading to a pathway for myosin to take. Calcium ions also allow for the actin to work. Myosin then forms a pathway with the actin filaments. ATP binds for the actin and the myosin to separate. The actin filaments are then dragged along the myosin. Actin filaments pull the z lines closer together which shortens the sarcomere. The sarcomere getting shorter leads to contraction.

false

ok

no

Induces response from an antibody

induces response from an protein

induces a response from a B or C cells

induces response from a B or T cells

engulfs antibodies and leaves a note for the rest of the cell

engulfs antibodies and leaves a note for the antigen

engulfs antibodies and leaves a note for an antibody

engulfs antibodies and leaves a note for the cell

kills antigens presenting cells

uses antibodies to kill antigens

kills cells presenting antigens

uses antigens to kill antibodies

secretes antibodies

secretes antigens

secretes plasma membrane

secrete cytotoxic T cell

Defend against cancer and antibodies

defend against cancer and intracellular pathogens

defend against pathogens and antibodies

defend against antigens and pathogens

activate b cells

activate t cells

activate B cells and or cytotoxic T cells

activate cytotoxic T cells

1

4

3

2

B and C cells

B and T cells

B and F cells

B and D cells

Mature in thymus

mature in bone marrow

mature in proteins

mature in enzymes

Mature in thymus

mature in bone marrow

mature in enzymes

mature in proteins

small access region an antigen where antibody receptor binds

large access region an antigen where antigen/antibody receptor binds

small access region an antigen where antibody/antigen receptor binds

large access region an antigen where antigen receptor binds

D cells

T cells

B cells

F cells

False

True

B cells

T cells

T cells

B cells

molecules host enzymes that display antibody fragments on cell's surface

molecules host proteins that display antibody fragments on cell's fragments

molecules host protein that display antigen fragments on cell fragments

molecules host enzymes that display antigen fragments on cell fragments

immense diversity of lymphocytes and receptors

self tolerance- will not react against own cells

B and T cells proliferate after activation

Immunological memory

primary immune response

second immune response

tertiary immune response

first exposure to antigen

when memory cells are activated

cytotoxic T cells

b cells

antigen

t cells

use toxic protein

b cells

cells accomplish most of their growth; they get bigger in size and make proteins and organelles needed for normal functions of DNA synthesis

cells get shorter in growth and make enzymes and organelles needed for normal functions of RNA synthesis

cells get larger in size and make enzymes and organelles needed for normal functions of DNA synthesis

cells get shorter in size and make proteins and organelles needed for normal functions of DNA synthesis

G1 S G2 and M

G1 S G2

G1 S

G1 S M

G1 S G2 M

G1 S G2

G0 G1 G2

G0 S G1 G2 M

Prophase, Pro-metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

prophase, anaphase, telophase

During prophase, the complex of RNA and enzymes contained in the cytoplasm, condense

During prophase, the complex of DNA and proteins, contained in the nucleus, known as chromosomes, condenses

During prophase, the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses.

during prophase, the complex or DNA and proteins, contained in the nucleus, known as chromatin, lengthens

the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Before anaphase begins, the replicated chromosomes, called sister chromatids, are aligned at along the equator of the cell on the equatorial plane.

It is in the early phase that the chromatin material starts organizing and the nuclear envelope breaks down. By organization, we mean the ‘condensation of the dispersed chromatin material into arranged chromosomes’.

once the replicated, paired chromosomes have been separated and pulled to opposite sides, or poles, of the cell. During telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm. The chromosomes begin to uncoil, which makes them diffuse and less compact. Along with telophase, the cell undergoes a process called cytokinesis that divides the cytoplasm of the parental cell into two daughter cells.

the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. the physical barrier that encloses the nucleus, called the nuclear envelope, breaks down. The breakdown of the nuclear envelope frees the sister chromatids from the nucleus, which is necessary for separating the nuclear material into two cells

the physical barrier that encloses the nucleus, called the nuclear envelope, breaks down. The breakdown of the nuclear envelope frees the sister chromatids from the nucleus, which is necessary for separating the nuclear material into two cells. is the development of a protein formation called a kinetochore around the centromere, the central point joining the sister chromatids. Long protein filaments called kinetochore microtubules extend from poles on either end of the cell and attach to the kinetochores.

begins once the replicated, paired chromosomes have been separated and pulled to opposite sides, or poles, of the cell. During telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm. The chromosomes begin to uncoil, which makes them diffuse and less compact. Along with telophase, the cell undergoes a process called cytokinesis that divides the cytoplasm of the parental cell into two daughter cells.

the cell's chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular "tug of war." The chromosomes, which have been replicated and remain joined at a central point called the centromere, are called sister chromatids., protein formations called kinetochores formed around the centromere. Long protein filaments called kinetochore microtubules extended from poles on either end of the cell and attached to the kinetochores.

the replicated chromosomes, called sister chromatids, are aligned at along the equator of the cell on the equatorial plane. The sister chromatids are pairs of identical copies of DNA joined at a point called the centromere. , each pair of chromosomes is separated into two identical, independent chromosomes. The chromosomes are separated by a structure called the mitotic spindle. The mitotic spindle is made of many long proteins called microtubules, which are attached to a chromosome at one end and to the pole of a cell at the other end.

the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Before it begins, the replicated chromosomes, called sister chromatids, are aligned at along the equator of the cell on the equatorial plane. The sister chromatids are pairs of identical copies of DNA joined at a point called the centromere.

During this, each pair of chromosomes is separated into two identical, independent chromosomes. The chromosomes are separated by a structure called the mitotic spindle

process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Telophase begins once the replicated, paired chromosomes have been separated and pulled to opposite sides, or poles, of the cell. During telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm. The chromosomes begin to uncoil, which makes them diffuse and less compact. Along with telophase, the cell undergoes a process called cytokinesis that divides the cytoplasm of the parental cell into two daughter cells.

the process that separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. During metaphase, the cell's chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular "tug of war." The chromosomes, which have been replicated and remain joined at a central point called the centromere, are called sister chromatids. Prior to metaphase, protein formations called kinetochores formed around the centromere. Long protein filaments called kinetochore microtubules extended from poles on either end of the cell and attached to the kinetochores.

cell cycle is a cyclical series of biological events that certain asexual cells go through. In essence, the cell cycle is highlighted by a sequence of events such as the duplication of DNA via DNA replication, in preparation to cell division wherein the parent cell divides and gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells. The cell cycle is comprised of these fundamental events: (1) resting phase (Gap 0), (2) interphase (Gap 1, S phase, Gap 2), and (3) cell division (i.e. mitotic phase and cytokinesis).

the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Before anaphase begins, the replicated chromosomes, called sister chromatids, are aligned at along the equator of the cell on the equatorial plane. The sister chromatids are pairs of identical copies of DNA joined at a point called the centromere.

During anaphase, each pair of chromosomes is separated into two identical, independent chromosomes. The chromosomes are separated by a structure called the mitotic spindle.

the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Telophase begins once the replicated, paired chromosomes have been separated and pulled to opposite sides, or poles, of the cell. During telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm. The chromosomes begin to uncoil, which makes them diffuse and less compact. Along with telophase, the cell undergoes a process called cytokinesis that divides the cytoplasm of the parental cell into two daughter cells.

he physical barrier that encloses the nucleus, called the nuclear envelope, breaks down. The breakdown of the nuclear envelope frees the sister chromatids from the nucleus, which is necessary for separating the nuclear material into two cells. Another important event during prometaphase is the development of a protein formation called a kinetochore around the centromere, the central point joining the sister chromatids. Long protein filaments called kinetochore microtubules extend from poles on either end of the cell and attach to the kinetochores. Prometaphase is followed by the third phase of mitosis, known as metaphase.

DNA replication, cellular content multiplication, etc. have already happened, now comes the touchdown point. It is in the that the chromatin material starts organizing and the nuclear envelope breaks down. By organization, we mean the ‘condensation of the dispersed chromatin material into arranged chromosomes’.

Kinetochore, a protein complex, is assembled on the centromeric region of chromosomes while centromere is a constricted portion of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) on a chromosome. The kinetochore is the region to which spindle fibers attach for separating the sister chromatids during anaphase.

false

The centromere appears as a constricted region of a chromosome and plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division (mitosis and meiosis). Specifically, it is the region where the cell's spindle fibers attach.

false

false

What is a spindle fiber? Spindle fiber is a network of filaments that are formed during the cell division process. They help in the movement of chromosomes