the Romans are better known for (a)   than theoretical science

The Romans were responsible, through the application and development of available machines, for an important technological transformation: the widespread introduction of?

(a)  

The rotary motion was exemplified in the use of the (a)   for powering cranes and other heavy lifting operations.

the introduction of rotary water-raising devices for irrigation works (a scoop wheel powered by a treadmill), and the development of the (a)   as a prime mover.

Around what BC did the Roman Watermill was starting to be constructed?

(a)  

1st-century-BCE Roman engineer (a)   gave an account of watermills

The Romans copied the (a)   style for most ceremonial purposes,

Name:

(a)  

Name:

(a)  

Name:

(a)  

Name:

(a)  

Cato (b. 234 BCE)

(a)  

Varro (b. 116 BCE)

(a)  

Lucretius (b. c. 94 BCE)

(a)  

Vitruvius (1st century BCE)

(a)  

Galen (b. 129 CE)

(a)  

Claudius Ptolemy (85–165 CE)

(a)  

Also called geocentric system or geocentric model proposed by Claudius Ptolemy by assuming that Earth is stationary and at the center of the universe.

(a)  

The famous orator also wrote a valuable treatise (De agricultura) which gave advice on how to run a good estate with notes on wine and oil production and various remedies for crop diseases.

(a)  

Was the most prolific scientific author, although very little of his work survives. One exception is the Res Rusticae, which describes the best ways to manage a large estate.His other works on mathematics, geography, biology, and more, influence on later authors such as Vitruvius, Pliny, Augustine, and Martianus Capella.

(a)  

Wrote De rerum natura on the major Greek works of atomist philosophy and was especially interested in optics and biology.

(a)  

Wrote an influential work on architecture (De architectura) which included surveying, town planning, mathematics, principles of proportion, materials, astronomy, and mechanics.

(a)  

Of Greek origin who became a physician to emperors after starting his career administering medical aid to gladiators. He is an invaluable source on earlier medical matters, notably Hippocrates, but was also a successful practitioner of complex surgeries himself.

(a)  

Tweaked the Plato/Aristotle cosmology to match observations of the planets. Taught that the Earth was the center of the universe. People felt this was common sense, and the geocentric theory was supported by the Church.

(a)  

Who idea is the Geocentric theory?

(a)  

Who expanded the geocentric theory?

(a)  

(a)   taught that God had deliberately placed the earth at the center.

When did the Dark ages started and ended?

(a)  

tribes who moved into a large part of western Europe did not come empty-handed, and in some respects their technology was superior to that of the Romans.

(a)  

The Tuetonic tribe appear to have been the first people with sufficiently strong (a)   to undertake the systematic settlement of the forested lowlands of northern and western Europe

During the middle ages, (a)   were the largest buildings in medieval Europe.

Between the 10th and 13th centuries, most European cathedrals were built in the (a)   . these cathedrals are solid and substantial: They have rounded masonry arches and barrel vaults supporting the roof, thick stone walls and few windows

Around 1200, church builders began to embrace a new architectural style, known as the (a)   . These structures, have huge stained-glass windows, pointed vaults and arches and spires and flying buttresses.

An example of Romanesque cathedral in Germany

(a)  

An example of Romanesque cathedral in Portugal

(a)  

An example of gothic cathedral in France

(a)  

An example of gothic cathedral in England:

(a)  

Europe witnessed massive population growth in the High Middle Ages, from (a)   . This growth was largely due to the refinement of medieval farming technology

During the Middle Ages, using (a)   rather than an ox as draft animal in farming has increased cereal production because it is more efficient.

During the middle ages, the heavy, (a)   played a significant role in changing how farming was conducted

The Roman scratch plow, which didn’t do much more than just disturb the surface

(a)  

The (a)   was a key invention that allowed medieval Europeans to make use of the horse as a draft animal, rather than the ox

A (a)   can cut much more deeply into the soil than can the older forms of the aratrum.

A methods of land use in the Middle Ages where about half of your land was plowed, and about half of it was left fallow. On that fallow land, you would also run your animals, so that animal manure would provide some enrichment to the soil.

(a)  

A methods of land use in the Middle Ages where you divide the available land of an estate into three roughly equal parts. One of these is left fallow, one of these is planted in winter crops and one of these is planted in spring crops

(a)  

The spread of (a)   during the middle ages increased the carrying capacity for horse-drawn wagons, a feature that helped to boost trade between communities

The immediate eastern neighbour of the new civilization of medieval Europe was Byzantium, the surviving bastion of the Roman Empire based in Constantinople (Istanbul), which endured for 1,000 years after the collapse of the western half of the empire.

(a)  

Byzantine masterpieces as the great domed structure of (a)   .

Under the Byzantine Empire the (a)   , a staff sling mounted on a pole using a lever mechanism to propel projectiles. It was used by Emperor Nicephorus Phocas’ army in his campaigns to disrupt enemy lines.

Under the Byzantine Empire the (a)   , which was far more powerful than the normal traction trebuchet. It was used by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and it is said that it impressed his crusader allies during the siege of Nicaea.

The famous Greek Fire. Invented by (a)   , it was the flamethrower of the era. It was liquid fire used by the Byzantine navy to inflame the enemy ships.

They appeared during the reign of Leo III (717–741). Byzantine soldiers threw ceramic jars with Greek fire. They set them alight by fire arrows or ignited them before throwing them at the enemy.

(a)  

The Byzantines used a system to transmit messages from the border with the Caliphate across Asia Minor to Constantinople during the 9th century. The system was devised during the reign of Emperor Theophilos (829–842) by Leo the Mathematician.

(a)  

The (a)   architectural form appeared first in the late 8th century. It was used in the construction of churches during the Byzantine Empire

The (a)   , which first appeared in the 5th century during the Byzantine empire.

The (a)   , which placed a circular dome over a square room. The first (and most famous) example of a pendentive dome is Hagia Sophia, designed by Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles.

The first known example of separating conjoined twins happened in the (a)   in the 10th century.