The smallest unit of biological organization that can perform activities required for life

(a)  

Enlarges an object by passing visible light through the specimen and focusing the transmitted light using a series of lenses

(a)  

Uses a beam of electrons and electromagnets to magnify specimens rather than visible light and lenses

(a)  

The size of the object as it appears relative to its actual size

(a)  

The ability to distinguish between two objects that are close together; is determined by the source of illumination

(a)  

Resolution between two objects using visible light waves is about (a)   nanometers

Resolution limit using electron microscopy is about (a)   nanometers

The difference between light and dark areas; generated by light or electrons slowing down as they pass through parts of the specimen with different thicknesses or consistencies

(a)  

Reducing the light source increases (a)   in Brightfield microscopy

Provides energy for the cell; powerhouse of the cell

(a)  

The location of protein modification and sorting

(a)  

Receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, further modifies some of them, and ships the proteins to their destinations

(a)  

Contain enzymes that recycle the components of complex molecules; contains digestive enzymes that digest food particles within food vacuoles

(a)  

Contain enzymes that neutralize toxic forms of oxygen

(a)  

Assist with protein synthesis

(a)  

A system of intracellular scaffolds that help the cell retain shape

(a)  

The sites of photosynthesis

(a)  

As a cell increases in size, the ____ increases by a dimension squared, while ____ increases by a dimension cubed

(a)  

The (a)   of a cell determines how large its volume can be

The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds

(a)  

Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cell

(a)  

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition

(a)  

A non-membrane-enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located

(a)  

The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm

(a)  

The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus

(a)  

An extensive network of connected tubules that is continuous with the outer nuclear envelope

(a)  

Contains a large number of ribosomes; functions in the production of protein production and packaging: grows its own membranes by adding phospholipids and proteins to existing portions

(a)  

Functions in the synthesis of lipids, oils, steroids, and the storage of calcium ions; does not contain ribosomes; detoxifies drugs and poisons from cells

(a)  

More Golgi apparatuses would be found in (a)   cells

Travel between the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and membrane to transport molecules to be synthesized, modified, and exported from the cell

(a)  

A membrane-enclosed storage compartment

(a)  

Contains solutes; controls the osmotic pressure of the cell by modifying the concentration of solutes in the cytoplasm; found within plant cells

(a)  

Form when a food particle is taken in by the cell membrane

(a)  

Folds within the inner membrane of mitochondria that increase the surface area for performing aerobic cellular respiration

(a)  

Each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana

(a)  

Suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly prokaryotes that were taken up by eukaryotic cells

(a)  

Hollow rods constructed from the globular protein tubulin; 25 nm; maintenance of cell shape

(a)  

A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell; 7 nm; changes in cell shape

(a)  

Globular protein that links into chains that twist about each other, forming microfilaments

(a)  

Fibrous proteins such as keratin; 8-12 nm; formation of nuclear lamina

(a)  

Contain two centrioles that are composed of microtubules and function in cell structure assembly

(a)  

Specialized arrangements of microtubules that function as appendages of cells and may function in locomotion of the cell or of structures around the cell

(a)  

Needed by plants to counteract the force of gravity and prevent excessive uptake of water; composed of microfibrils (cellulose) embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins

(a)  

Passageways through the cell wall that connect individual cells

(a)  

Composed of glycoproteins and other carbohydrates; adds structure and support; functions in transmitting signals between the cell’s internal and external environment that can change cell behavior

(a)  

Establish a barrier that prevents leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells

(a)  

Fasten cells together into strong sheets; attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle

(a)  

Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell; consist of membrane proteins that surround a pore through which ions, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules may pass

(a)  

The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

(a)