Mankind has been greatly interested in the oceans since before the time of Aristotle who wrote a treatise on marine biology in the 4th century BC. What is the meaning of "treatise"?

Mankind has been greatly interested in the oceans since before the time of Aristotle who wrote treatise on marine biology in the 4th century BC. What is the meaning of "BC"?

Aristotle ...

The volume o all land above sea level is only ____ of the volume of the oceans.

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was the first to refer to the _____ as a “river in the ocean.” Franklin promoted using the Gulf Stream to speed up delivery of mail from America to Europe, as well as to improve other commercial shipping.

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) prepared temperature tables by means of which navigators could determine whether or not they were in the _____.

In 1872 HMS Challenger made her first ____ station on a 3-year round-the world cruise.

In 1872 HMS Challenger made her first oceanographic station on a 3-year round-the world cruise. It proved for the first time that the various constituents of ____ in sea water are in the same proportion everywhere.

Oceanography includes the disciplines of ___

Hydrographers are concerned primarily with the problems of _____. They chart coastlines and bottom topography.

A hydrographic survey usually includes measurements of magnetic declination and dip, tides, currents, and weather elements.

Before the Challenger expedition, Lieutenant Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806-1873) of the U.S. Navy (often called the father of American oceanography) was analyzing the ____ of sailing vessels to determine the best ocean routes and did much to stimulate international cooperation in oceanography and _______

Although the subject of oceanography has many fascinating aspects, we will only discuss wind-generated waves and swell - perhaps the greatest single ________ hazard to navigation in coastal waters and on the open sea.

An instrument which indicates wind speed and direction

Waves ____ masses of horizontally traveling water particles

If we throw a cork over the side, we notice that although the waves move, the surface of the water ____ travel with the waves.

According to the course book, waves are generated in ____ fundamental ways in the open sea.

Waves can be generated by ...

The maximum wave height scientifically recorded thus far (in 1965) in the North Atlantic was _____ feet by a wave recorder aboard an ocean-station weather vessel, but this does not mean that higher waves did not occur.

From a mariner's point of view, the waves that most affect seamanship are those generated by ___

There are ____ most important variables regarding wave relationships.

Beaufort No.5 is a fresh breeze with an effect on the sea that produces moderate waves, which take a more pronounced long form; many _______ are formed, and there is a chance of some spray.

Beaufort No.1 is "light air" that produces scale-like ____, but without foam crests.

Beaufort No.3 is a gentle breeze that produces large wavelets. Crests begin to break. Foam has ____ appearance. Perhaps scattered white horses.

Beaufort No.7 is "Moderate gale" when the sea heaps ____ and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks ____ the direction of the wind. Spindrift begins.