A 48-year old man with end stage liver disease is hospitalized on the intensive care unit. Review of his blood work reveals elevated liver function tests to five times the normal rate. The patient is receiving multiple intravenous medications. Which of the following medications is likely to be therapeutic for this patient?

A hospitalized patient with systemic candidiasis is receiving intravenous, antifungal medications. He also has hepatic and renal insufficiency. Which of the following lowering drug administration schemes would allow for the most steady amount of drug in the body over a two-week hospitalization period where medication administration will be necessary?

The therapeutic index of a drug is the ratio of the dose that produces toxicity to the dose that produces an efficacious response. By this definition, which of the following medications has thr largest therapeutic index?

A 79-year old man is hospitalized after falling from a cliff. His current medical problems include cardiogenic shock, heart failure,renal disease and cirrhosis from chronic alcoholism. Due to weight loss, he is felt to be somewhat hypermetabolic. Which of the following factors will have the most significant effect to decrease drug-half life of medications administered to him?

A 44-year old man with sacral spinal cord injury has atonia of the sigmoid colon and rectum. Despite sacral nerve root stimulation, no normal colorectal function is able to be achieved. Which of the following is true concerning the postganglionic receptors at the distal colon and rectum?

A novel cholinomimetric agent is being designed to improve salivary glandular secretions in patients with xerostomia. this agent will increase the uptake of choline into cells. This will combine with acetyl coenzyme A which is found in which of the following locations?

What is the definition of pharmacokinetics?

Total body clearance stands for...

A 74-year old man with moderate stage Alzherimer's disease is seeing his primary care physician. He takes various medications and all are prescription items. He has just begun on memantine 6 months ago and his family notes no difference in his symptoms. What is the most likely explanation for these findings?

A patient has been admitted to the ER with life threatening seizure that are continous. Which of the following medications would be the first choice for aborting the sezuire?

A 17-year old pregnant female asks her doctor what she can do about her acne. The doctor prescribes a topical benzoyl peroxide preparation, but the patient is unsatisfied with the results. She has a close friend who is taking a vitamin-A based acne control product, and her friend often tells her how well it works. She begins taking her friend's pills and is pleased in the reduction of acne. During which prenatal period is her unborn child at greatest risk for developing a birth defect?

A 24-year-old primigravid female's water breaks at 39 weeks gestation. Twenty-four hours later, she is having regular contractions 3 min apart. Her labor lasts 8 h. At the hospital, she gives birth to a baby boy, who initially appeared healthy. Within the next 12 h, the baby boy begins to have temperature fluc-tuations, difficulty breathing, and reduced move-ments. You suspect neonatal sepsis, so IV gentamicin plus ampicillin is started. Gentamicin and ampicillin are commonly used together because the combined effect is greater than the additive effects of both alone. This increased effectiveness is an example of what principle?

A 44-year-old black male is brought to the emergency department with 6 h of worsening lethargy and confu-sion. Past medical history is significant for easy bruis-ing, 3 months o[ bone pain, and frequent pneumococcal infections. Labs were ordered, revealing serum calcium of 17 mg/dL (normal: 9.0 to 10.5 mg/dL). To rapidly lower his serum calcium, you administer cal-citonin. However, calcitonin alone is insufficient because it is known to rapidly and suddenly lose its effectiveness within 2 to 3 days of repeated dosing.

For this reason, a bisphosphonate, which take 2 to 3 days to become effective, is added simultaneously.

What is the term for the rapid decrease in response to calcitonin?