Estimate whether an object is younger or older than other things found at the site.

Is the acquisition and transportation of rock debris by geomorphic agents like running water, the wind, waves etc.

Is the laying down of sediment carried by wind, water or ice, Sediments can be transported as pebbles, sand & mud, or as salts dissolved in water.

The breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of the Earth. Water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals, and changes in temperature are all agents of weathering.

Also called mass wasting, includes all processes by which soil and rock materials are dislodged and transported downslope under the direct application of gravitational stresses.

The movement of solid materials in the crust could take up to hundreds and millions of years in duration and could affect relatively large areas.

Plants and animals as agents of mechanical weathering.

Built through forces of tension.

The most abundant among the groups of minerals contains chemical elements such as silicon and some aluminum.

Substances that contain carbonates and other compounds or native elements of sulfur.

Substances that usually have shiny appearance.

This layer is consist mostly organic material upper portion is plant litter and other organic debris that are still recognized

Has large mineral matter where biological activity is high and humus is present.

light - colored layer that contains the little organic matter.

When minerals removed from E horizon by eluvation is deposited in horizon called zone of accumulation

Most tress produce a ring of new wood annually; archeologist use the variations in cross-sections of wood to produce timelines.

A technique that analyzes how much of the chemical fluorine has been absorbed by bones from the surrounding soils to determine how long the specimen has been underground

When water gets inside the joints, alternate freezing and thawing episode pry the rock apart.

Waste generated from the exploitation of mineral resources

Waste released from manufacturing plants, such as chemical plants, cement production, textile industries, power plants, etc

Measure the decay of the radioactive isotope Carbon-14 (C-14).

Magnetic particles in most materials of geological origin. such as rocks and clay. are analyzed to track shifts in the Earth's magnetic field over time.

Distribution of mid-ocean ridges and depth of the seafloor.

Consists primarily of basalt.

Occur along spreading centers where plates are moving apart and new crust is created by magma pushing up from the mantle.

Zone between two plates sliding horizontally past one another.

A technique that was common in the mid-20th century.

Allows archeologists to construct a relative chronological sequence from the oldest to youngest layer

Determine the age of pottery or ceramics, it can be used to date specific heating event in the past.

Change in the composition of minerals when they react with water.

Reaction between minerals and oxygen dissolved in water.

Dissociation of molecules into ions; common includes dissolution of calcite and salt.

The weathering away of rocks by constant collision of loose particles.