landscapes/spiritual ideas vs. real subjects

mandalas

man's understanding of natural forces

subjects moral character

inspirational themes (NO war, violence, death, nudes)

full of symbolism (Dragon-emperor, pine tree- endurance)

religion= most important, patterns repeated to infinity, floral patterns= highly intricate & ornate (arabesque)

from Australia

rock paintings/carvings, decoration/ceremonial purposes,

landscapes-->plain air paintings (outside)

Themes: working & conquering the land

petroglyphs (dot painting, stone arrangements)

indigenous people (utilitarian--> values & religions)

Blend: [1] Native American, [2] African [3] European

religious & resembled traditional European artwork

moralism, social/political messages

ideas of identity, unifying themes

rock painting/carving

commissioned by patrons

historic, biblical, & religious

landscapes & still life

Industrial Revolution--> premade, portable paints

Based on european traditions

Portraits/landscapes

First significant American painters: 

Benjamin West

John Singleton Copley

Gilbert Stuart

American Revolution→ demand for patriotic artwork

Subjects: pioneers, soldiers, sailors

Gave rise to the abstract art scene

petroglyphs (prehistoric rock carvings)/cave paintings/sculptures/carvings in bone

Prehistoric art found (bronze figures)

Painting, sculpture, & jewelry

Found in tombs of wealthy leaders

Statues: interact w/ gods

More impt. Figures on top/larger except in battle scenes

Sky God Horus: represented w/ a falcon head→ timeless quality

Hieroglyphs/images: symbols for sounds & words

Used soft stones (limestone, sandstone, calcite) for sculptures w/ tools such as copper chisels & stone tools

capture the value of the individual & beauty of the natural world (+accomplishments of man)

Painting, drawing, sculpture (increased knowledge of anatomy, used marble), & architecture

Humanism on the rise: importance & worth of the individual

Linear perspective foreshortening, natural realism to face & fingers

oil paint (on wood panels) vs. tempera (rigid support)  more colors (transparency allowed glazing techniques: layering transparent colors for greater depth & richness)

Christianity

Raphael’s School of Athens depicted many ancient Greek philosophers, shows mastery of perspective, natural poses, & lighting

Created for patrons

Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel used fresco: mural painted onto plaster walls, pigments mixed with water & applied to wet plaster) master  of anatomy, accomplished art, sculpture, & architecture, inspired Raphael

Leonardo da Vinci knowledge of math, astronomy, architecture, art, inventing, literature, anatomy, etc. Used Sfumato (subtle gradations to create a smoky look)

Exaggerated motion & attention to detail

Enhance a sense of drama & grandeur

Chiaroscuro technique: strongly contrasting tones of light & dark in high contrast scene

Tenebrism: keeping an area black & brightly illuminating the subject

express noble ideas & emotions

Highlight great accomplishments of man & honor their gods

Sculptures→ nude athletes in realistic poses + gods & goddesses

Stone & wood statues, pottery in red & black figure styles

Painted on panels & pottery

 aesthetics & decoration

Art lost its spiritual quality & used more for decor

Copied Greek statues of gods & goddesses

Created skillful & realistic portrait sculptures

Created paintings & mosaics showing scenes from daily life for homes

Encaustic (pigment mixed w/ hot wax) & tempera for painting scene on panels

Small cut pieces of glass, tile, pottery, stone, & shells called tesserae (stuck to the surface w/ mortar)

Wood sculptures (few have survived)

Figurines→ marble & limestone + cast bronze, encaustic, & wax

Most paintings have survived on pottery (high iron oxide content= red color called Red figure pottery)

Subjects: mythology, Christian themes, biblical stories

[1] Byzantine- Eastern  Europe & stylized symbolism over realism, imperial & religious subjects

[2] Romanesque- massive churches built w/ stone arches

[3] Gothic- began in Paris,  cathedral & elaborate architecture, complicated decorations, animated figures, expressions, painted small in relation to their backgrounds

Reaction to the high Renaissance

Man was not the center of the universe

Earth revolves around the sun

Reflected this uncertainty

Changing proportions, portraying people in new & strange ways, elongated limbs, small heads, dramatic unnatural, contrived poses

Flattened composition

bright & unusual colors

El Greco (the Greek)→ elongated & strange proportions, portray strong dramatic emotions

Poses are strained, unnatural heightening the emotion

Lighting→ come from within the figure or unseen source

Tintoretto→ monumental religious works

Mystical nature of religion, elongated forms, forces poses, supernatural atmosphere, scenes not from this world

classical Greek style & depart from the highly ornate baroque style

Serious, stoic, & heroic

classical subjects

Jacques- Louis David

Painting→ Oath of the Horatii tells a story from classical times

From Roman legend which the Horatii brothers take an oath to defend Rome

Jean-Auguste-Dominque Ingres

Student of David

Sensuous subjects & became known for portraits

Oedipus & the Sphinx  from the Greek myth of Oedipus

Art, literature, music, & culture

Intense emotion & individualism

Reaction against the rationalism of neoclassicism

Literary themes→ terror, awe, & apprehension

Capture the beauty & sublime feel of nature

Thomas Cole: The Course of Empire Destruction (focus on nature & destruction in a romantic artwork)

First manifested  landscape painting

Portray disaster, divine wrath, & natural catastrophe

Vast space, dwarf people, mystical landscapes, & nature’s triumph over man

Small villages & wilderness

Eugene Delacroix: Liberty Leading the People (female figure of liberty leading the French Revolution of 1830, violent, dramatic, catastrophic scene)

Theodore Gericault:  The Raft of the Medusa (large, shows aftermath wreck of a  French naval frigate, people escaping in a raft, men dying,  struggling to survive in nature

Thomas Cole: American wilderness, The Oxbow (broken trees, violent cliffs, dark rain clouds beside blue skies & a tranquil bend in the river

Reject the idea of romanticism

Ordinary scenes w/ accuracy & truth

Treat all subjects w/ equal seriousness

Advent of the camera

First modern art movement

Examined political culture & economic structure of society

Earth tones

Real-life events, workers, street life, cafes, peasants, nightclubs

France Artists:

[1] Gustave Corbet: ordinary scenes on vast canvases→ The Stonebreakers (1849 ordinary workers in his native region of France), A Burial of Ornans, uses natural color & lighting

[2] Jean-Francois Millet [3] Honore Daumier

US Artists:

[1] Thomas Eakins [2] Winslow Homer: began as a commercial illustrator,  inspired by  Courbet, Millet, & Daumier, began to paint  subjects in America, friends, outdoor sports, Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871) & The Gross Clinic→ Scene from a surgical operation

plein air (paint outside)

capture their impression of a scene

momentary effect of lighting on a scene

Small brushstrokes & pure color

Capture differences that weather/sun position create in a scene

Invention of paint in a tube helped paint outside more easily

Artist’s perception of the scene is as impt as the scene itself

Claude Monet: Haystack. End of Summer. Morning (1891)

color & brushstroke to capture lighting of a summer morning on a  haystack, cathedrals, landscapes, water lilies, garden (subjects), failing eyesight→ abstract art in later years

Edgar Degas:

ballerinas & dancers, showing movement w/ visible brushstrokes. The Dance Class shows a fleeting moment in time

Mary Cassatt:

female, domestic scenes w/ a child & mother, exhibit w/ Degas & was influenced by their work

Auguste Renoir:

landscapes & portraits, visible brushstrokes, soft edges, & pure colors, master of understanding how light affects his subjects

depart from the naturalism of impressionism

Bold & pure colors + real life subject matter

geometric shapes, distorted forms, exaggerate/arbitrary colors + heavy outlines

Neoimpressionist: falls under post impressionism

Optical blending of spots of color  (pointillism)

Vincent van Gogh:

Dutch, bold colors, arbitrarily/odd ways,

express emotions, Portrait of Dr. Gachet (1890) emotion through pose, facial expression, colors +brushstrokes & heavy outlines

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1889) Monsieur Fourcade, bold, arbitrary colors + outlines

Paul Gauguin:

bold/unusual colors,

flat planes, flattened spaces,

paintings of landscapes & people of French Polynesia

Paul Cezanne:

father of postimpressionism, geometric shapes, bold colors, prompted Picasso, reduce nature to shapes & find new ways of modeling space & volume

strong & unusual colors

Color to  express mood w/o being representational of actual colors

Flatness of the canvas

Individual expression over naturalistic representation

Henri Matisse: pioneered the movement, large, flat areas of bright color to convey emotion, Woman with a Hat (1905)  unusual colors → green on woman’s face

Andre Derain

Strong colors & distorted forms to express their feelings 

Artwork came from within

Swirling & exaggerated brushstrokes

Sought to evoke emotional responses

Edvard Munch’sThe Scream, unusual representational colors, distorted form, express a strong feeling of despair/agony

Several viewpoints are shown @ the same time

Simple geometric shapes

Pioneers: Picasso & Braque

Pablo Picasso: flat planes of color, distorted forms, geometric shapes, reassembled faces w/ both eyes on one side

Marcel Duchamp (cubist + futurist): Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912) repeated abstract geometric forms of a nude descending from left to right in the painting, movement +  rhythm

Giacomo Balla’s Dynamism of a  Dog on a Leash, feet of a  woman, plus a leash & a walking dog, repetition of the feet, least, tail, dynamic movement, conveying speed & direction

Technology, speed, & violence

Cars, airplanes, industrial elements

Admired tech over nature

Movement through space

Praised war & valued nationalism (riots + construction in the city)

Russian abstract style of art + architecture in 1910s

Dynamic 3-D forms

Plastic, wood, glass, iron

Vladimir Tatlin:

influence by Picasso’s cubist, wanted to construct art w/ dynamic components, abstract still lifes out of scrap materials, soviet architect + painter, 3-D counter reliefs of wood & metal, ? the traditions of art, Third International (Tatlin’s Tower) joined tech w/ aesthetics of machines, searchlights & projection screens, criticized for being functional art

Russian abstract style of art + architecture 1910s

Reduction of artwork into geometric shapes, lines, & primary colors

Universal form of expression

Piet Mondrian: new, abstract form of art, modern times, black lines, geometric shapes, primary colors, pure abstractions w/ horizontal & vertical lines, basic elements, energy + forces of nature, minimal palette, color, line, form

Reaction of disgust & revolt to the horrors of WWI

Depart from traditional values of art

New kinds of art (anti-art) 

Readymades→ present a premade object as art

Photomontage→ scissors + glue to assemble images

Marcel Duchamp: readymades (appropriation) Fountain (1917) urinal that he signed R. Mutt, L.H. O. O. Q. (1919) postcard of the Mona Lisa w/ a mustache

Man Ray, Max Ernst

Strange, dreamlike, unnerving scenes w/ realistic accuracy

Unconscious thoughts resolves contradictions b/w reality + dreams

Affected literature, music, & film

Freudian theories of sexuality, fantasy, dreams, & irrationality

Salvador Dali: The Persistence of Memory (1931) melted pocket watches on a dreamlike landscape

Rene Magritte: ordinary objects in an unusual way, The Treachery of Images

Grattage: technique used by Max Ernst and Joan Miro, laying a canvas over a textured object, scraping & scratching wet paint off of the canvas, which was made easier by using acrylic paints, interesting patterns & textures underneath.

After Ernst would often work further on the canvas, taking cues from the textures and responding to these marks and shapes.

1st truly American art movement

New York

Influenced by surrealist ideas

expressing the subconsciousness in art

Color field painting + action painting

Solid areas/fields of color on a large scale

Colors suggest infinity

Dribbling, splashing, dripping paint onto a  canvas

Jackson Pollock: action painting(coined this phrase)/splatter painting, balance of chaos & control

Helen Frankenthaler: “soak strain” creating large color washes by pouring thinned paint onto a canvas

Helen Frankenthaler: “soak strain” creating large color washes by pouring thinned paint onto a canvas

British & American 1960s

Items from pop culture + consumer items (everyday)

Partly inspired by the readymades from Dada

Bright, flat  colors from advertising, imagery, hard edges

Andy Warhol: video art, installations, performance art, & paintings (1961) Campbell’s Soup Cans portraits of many celebrities in bright & vivid colors

Roy Lichtenstein: comic book imagery, altered images,  comic books, added dif text, painted on a large scale Drowning Girl (1963) comic image of a drowning girl & her boyfriend in a boat w/ text

Jasper Johns: American imagery, Three Flags (1958)

Departed from modernism

Skeptical + antiauthoritarian

Anything goes, cast aside all rules of style & included elements of confrontation

Tongue in cheek humor, ludicrousness

Questioned the ideas & subjectivity from previous art movements

Sigmar Polke: The Fifties  (1963-1969) cynicism & nostalgia while commenting on German culture, use dif styles throughout work

Gerhard Richter: combined photography w/ painting, high & low art in one technique

Abolish stereotypes

Embrace/use materials in their works tied to their gender (textiles & embroidery)

Video, body, & performance art

Deliver more direct & personal messages to viewers

Explored objectification of women in media, ideas of domesticity, absence of recognition of female artist through history

Barbara Kruger: appropriates images from magazines & adds texts, Belief + Doubt (2012)

Cindy Sherman: self portraits, makeup, wigs, props, represent various female stereotypes, question ideas of authenticity & identity

Faith Ringgold: African American, racial & gender identity & equality, stories through quilts, recognized a need for equality, 50% of artists at shows should be female

Extreme form of abstract art

Barest  form 

Not wishing to represent anything

Geometric shapes (2-D/3-D)

Simplicity, harmony, & purity

Solomon “Sol” LeWitt:Open Cubes white repeated geometric forms

Graffita

Politically charges protest slogans & graphics illegally painted in public areas

Vandalism & street art tied to hip-hop & lower income areas

Jean-Michel Basquait: spray painting in Manhattan SAMO graffiti in 1970s

Keith Haring: subway lines in New York City

Banksy: spray paints stencil designs onto walls & building throughout major cities

Shepard Fairey: Andre the Giant & Barack Obama in red, white, & blue

Racial pride that challenged racism & stereotypes

Uplist African-Americans’ spirits

Racism, the effects of slavery, folk traditions

Experience black life/black neighborhoods

Jacob Lawrence: Migration Series, migration of blacks from rural South the urban North

Aaron Douglas: murals on buildings, illustrations for covers of black publications, Aspiration (1936) slavery to  freedom

American art movement

Landscape painters  in romantic style

Hudson River Valley & areas surrounding it

Exploration, discovery, & settlement

Harmony of settlers or agriculture w/ nature

Belief in nature as a revelation of God

Native art movement in America

Thomas Cole was the founder

Albert Bierstadt:A River Landscape, Westphalia (1855)

Geometric forms to create visual effects & optical illusions

Abstract & nonrepresentational

Black & white

Feeling of movement, vibration, hidden images

Bridget Riley: black & white, later color

Josef Albers: working in color, next geometric shapes of contrasting colors within each other

1920s began in Paris w/ architecture & decorative arts

Streamlined forms, symmetry, geometric shapes, smooth lines, & vibrant colors

Influenced by:

[1] geometric forms of cubism

[2] industrial components of futurism & constructivism

[3] bright colors of fauvism

Improve the style of mass-produced objects

Used for posters & some fine arts

Challenge the hierarchy of fine arts over decorative arts

linear contours & outlines

muted, limited colors, blues, greens, yellows, & browns

Revive good craftsmanship, lift the status of crafts, create modern designs that did not rely on the past

Applied to art, architecture, furniture, lamps, & jewelry

Alphonse Mucha: created many illustrations, posters, paintings, etc. signature style was considered outdated by his death, beautiful women symmetrical, flowing, floral, & ornate designs w/ muted colors