Each cerebral hemisphere is further divided in to 4 lobes by a number of large sulci :

1.Frontal

2.Parietal

3.Occipital &

4.Temporal

The lobes of each cerebral hemisphere are demarked by 4 main fissures & sulci:

1.Central sulcus (b/w frontal & parietal lobe)

2.Parieto occipital (b/w Parietal & occipital lobe)

3.Lateral sulcus (b/w Parietal & temporal)

4.Callisomarginal (b/w temporal & limbic area)

The cerebral cortex is formed by 6 layers, from outside to inside are:

1.Molecular or Plexiform layer

2.External Granular layer

3.Outer Pyramidal layer

4.Internal Granular layer

5.Internal Pyramidal or ganglionic

6.Fusiform cell layer

•Granular cells

•Pyramidal cells

•Fusiform cells

•Horizontal cells of Cajal

•Associational Fibers

•Commissural Fibers

•Projection Fibers

1.Regulation of tone, Posture & equilibrium

2.Regulation of Automatic and Associated acts

3.Control of Autonomic nervous system

4.Control of eye movements

5.Establishment of reflexes

1.Perception of touch, pain, heat & cold

2.Taste, smell & vision

3.Responsible for intellectual functions:

4.Memory

5.Intelligence

6.Planning

7.Judgement

1. (Motor Area)

Initiates movements

2. (Premotor Area)

Produce autonomic actions

3. (Broca’s motor speech Area)

Causes movements of muscles of speech in tongue, lips & larynx

Main Sensory Area

•Receives all types of general sensations

•E.g. touch, temp, pressure, pain

1. Auditory Sensory Area

•Receive hearing sensations from both sides

2. Auditory Psychic Area

•Understands meanings of sound and spoken words

1. Visuo sensory Area

•Receive visual sensations

2. Visuo psychic Area

•Understand meanings of seen objects & written words

•Disorder of face perception

•Also called face blindness

•An inability to recognize faces

•Including one’s own face (self recognition)

Memories that last for seconds or few minutes

Typified by one’s memory of up to 7-10 telephone no's at a time for few seconds to few minutes

Memories that last for days to hours, days or week but eventually lost

Telephone number that is known today may be remembered till tomorrow but if not recalled repeatedly, forgotten on third day

Memories last for months, years or sometimes life time

E.g. recall first day of schooling, birthday celebration of previous year & picnic enjoyed last month

•EXPLICIT

SEMANTIC

EPISODIC

•IMPLICIT

•PRIMING

•PROCEDURAL

•NON-ASSOCIATIVE

•ASSOCIATIVE

•SEMANTIC /FACTS

Words, Rules, Language

•EPISODIC /EVENTS

Happenings

•Memory in which past experience is utilized without conscious awareness as performed automatically

•Lectures

•Laboratory skills

•Habits (cooking, driving, nail biting, thumb sucking)

•Recognize birthday party celebrated 3 days ago

•Events takes place while taking breakfast

•Instructions at the lunch time yesterday

•Cycling

•Driving

•Playing tennis

•Dancing & Typing

•Memory storage is enhanced

•Facilitation of synaptic pathways

•Memory storage is decrease in strength

•Inhibition of synaptic pathways

•The process by which a short term memory is crystallized or transferable in to long term memory is called as __________________________ .

•It happens in memorizing a poem or a phrase

•Loss of memory is called as ____________ .

Progressive deterioration of emotional control, social, & motivation associated with loss of memory & is age related disorder above 65 years

•Neuro degenerative disease

•Degeneration, loss of function & death of neurons in many parts of brain

•Reduction in the synthesis of neurotransmitters esp. Acetyl choline

•Dementia is one of the clinical feature