Quchua-speaking clans that lived near Cuzco; Legends of their own state that 10 related clans emerged from caves in the region and were taken by a mythical leader. By 1350 C.E., they lived around Cuzco and in 1438 they defeated their hostile neighbors. (p. 246) 

(a)  

Clans in Aztec society, later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors. (p. 241) 

(a)  

Name given to the Aztec Empire by Anthropologist Marvin Harris; Aztecs known for sometimes eating their sacrificed victims due to the lack of cattle and sheep. (p. 251) 

(a)  

Mayan city conquered by the Toltecs in about 1000 C.E. 

(a)  

Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of can and rooted in lakes to create “floating islands”; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs. (p. 241) 

(a)  

Death when participating in the “Flower Wars”; Believed to be an honor to die while capturing victims for the sacrifice ritual; ensured eternity in the highest heaven. 

(a)  

Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god. (p. 239) 

(a)  

Misnomer created by Columbus refering to indigenous peoples of New World; implies social and ethnic commonality among Native Americans that did not exist; still used to apply to Native Americans. (p. 235) 

(a)  

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. (p. 248) 

(a)  

Language that was spoken by the Aztechs, Toltecs, and Chichimec migrants. (p. 238) 

(a)  

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca. (p. 246) 

(a)  

Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long distance trade in luxury items. (p. 241)

(a)  

Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god. (p. 236) 

(a)  

Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead inca’s mummy. (p. 246)

(a)  

Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages. (p. 248) 

(a)  

A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole. (p. 250) 

(a)  

Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas. (p. 246)

(a)  

Founded c.1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica. (p. 238) 

(a)  

Major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain. (p. 239)

(a)  

Came before the Aztecs; Created an empire from ceentral Mexico to Guatemala, influenced later Mesoamerican peoples, such as the Aztecs. A legend about the Toltecs talk about aa Toltec leader named Topiltzin; When he lost the struggle for priestly or olitical ower, him and his followers went into exile to Yucatan. (p. 236)

(a)  

Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula. (p.286) 

(a)  

(c. 1441–c. 1493) Son of previous ruler Pachacuti; Conquered the northern coastal kingdom of Chimor in which he seized its irrigation system, and extended Inca control into the southern area of what is now Ecuador. (p. 246) 

(a)  

Word for Inca Empire; region from present day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina (p. 246) 

(a)  

A class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the inca or the Inca nobility. (p. 249) 

(a)