The energy used by humans ultimately originates from what source?

If the AG of a reaction was -31.45 kJoules, you would know that

Energy is defined as

The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions is called

When the substrate is bound to the enzyme, the shape of the enzyme may change slightly, leading to

Many metabolic pathways involve ATP; either generating ATP, or requiring ATP. Why is ATP so important to metabolism?

In animals that take in oxygen from their environment, glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water in a process called

What are the products of one turn of the citric acid cycle?

In the reaction catalyzed by aconitase, the conversion of citrate to isocitrate can be inhibited by fluoroacetate. Fluoroacetate is used as a pesticide. Why is this an effective pesticide?

When oxygen is unavailable during heavy exercise what process do muscle cells use for energy generation?

What is an end-product of glycolysis?

What must happen to amino acids before they can be used in catabolic reactions?

You decide to go on vacation in the mountains, where you are staying in a cabin. Unfortunately, when you turn on the water in the cabin y smell hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas. After some research, you find out that the H2S may be due to the presence of sulfur bacteria living in you pipes. What molecule do these bacteria use as an electron acceptor?

In the absence of oxygen, can cells utilize the electron transport chain?

Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss of

Under standard conditions, ATP can release for every molecule converted to ADP.

Cytochromes contain a heme group similar to that in hemoglobin. The iron atom (Fe) in the center of the group can be oxidized and reduced. If someone was suffering from iron deficiency anemia, what stage of cellular respiration would be most affected?

Hexokinase is an enzyme that binds specifically to glucose and converts it into glucose 6-phosphate. The activity of hexokinase is suppressed by glucose 6-phosphate, which binds to hexokinase at a location that is distinct from the active site. This is an example of what?

This reaction is important for the maintenance of acid-base balance in the blood and other tissues and to help transport CO2 out of tissues. Without a catalyst, this reaction would not occur at rates that could maintain homeostasis. In the figure below, which line(s) represents the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?

Jan Baptista van Helmont did an important experiment related to photosynthesis. He weighed a small willow tree and a pot of soil. Jan then planted the tree in the pot. Over the course of five years, he added only water to the pot. At the end of five years, he weighed the tree and found that it had gained 74.4 kg. He weighed the soil, and it was only 57 g less. What do the results of this specific experiment demonstrate about what is needed for a plant to grow and increase its mass?

In green plants, which photosystem absorbs photons to excite electrons in the reaction center?

In plants, the light-dependent reactions require

In plants, production of NADPH

Visible light has a wavelength range of:

The role of the antenna complex in a photosystem is to

What is the color of light that chlorophylls absorb that has the highest energy?

In the photosystem I reaction center of green plants, light energy captured by pigment molecules is passed to a special reaction center chlorophyll a called

The cyclic carbon fixation reactions are also known as the

For photosynthesis in green plants, the electron donor for the light-dependent reaction is

Light-dependent reactions generate

Carotenoids are important to many plants because these pigments are able to

How many molecules of CO2 are needed to generate one molecule of glucose?

Flattened sacs of internal membranes associated with photosynthesis are called

.In the light-independent reactions, when CO2 is added to a molecule of Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), the immediate product is

Where do the carbon atoms in glucose come from?

The aquatic plant Elodea is commonly used to study photosynthesis. You put some Elodea in a test tube filled with water containing radiolabeled oxygen (H218O), shine light on the test tube, and measure the rate of photosynthesis by counting oxygen bubbles released. At the end of your experiment, you would find the most18O in

Most atmospheric oxygen comes from photosynthesis. From what molecule is oxygen derived?

The Calvin cycle requires all of the following except

In his 1771 experiments, Joseph Priestly determined that plants added something to the air that allow an animal to survive. Now we know that the essential thing that plants contribute to the air is

.In which part of the chloroplasts are the Calvin cycle enzymes located?

Light consists of units of energy called

NADPH is made by

Molecules that absorb light are called