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Worksheetschapter 13
Total questions: 82
Worksheet time: 41mins
What is the primary focus of social psychology
The way individuals thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by others
mental disorders associated with social problems, like pathological shyness
the impact of self-esteem on social interaction and success
the way that society is structured and organized, including the study of institutions
which of the following social psychology topics focuses on how we form impressions of other people?
person perception
fundamental attribution
conformity
prejudice
Joel and Kirk both work with a stock brokerage firm. Joel is considered to be extremely attractive and Kirk is considered to be average in appearance. Based on research that has investigated the effects of physical apperance in peson perception, which of the following should you predict?
Joel will tend to receive better performance evaluations, for equivalent work
Kirk will tend to receive better performance evaluations, for equivalent work
Joel will be perceived as having greater integrity and being more honest
Kirk will be perceived as being more submissive and native
What process is called "person perception"
Predicting the behaviour of others
monitoring the impressions you make on other people
developing an implicit personality theory
forming an impression of others
What types of attributions do people tend to make about other people, based on attractiveness
we tend to be less trusting of attractive individuals
we equate attractiveness with posive traits
we tend to perceive attractive people as nicer, but less competent
we often impose a behavioural penalty on attractive individuals
When we evaluate the correlations between attractiveness and actual traits, which of the following is found?
There is no predictive relationship between attractiveness and personality traits.
Attractive people really do have more favourable traits, on average, than unattractive people.
The relationship between income and appearance is likely related to the tendency for attractive individuals
to be somewhat more intelligent.
Attractive individuals are more friendly and well-adjusted than unattractive people, but there are no other
significant correlations.
What is the term for the organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people?
co-variation inferences
attributions
illusory correlations
social schemas
Deanna wore blue jeans and brought some potato salad to the company picnic. She was surprised to see that all
the men were wearing suits and ties, and all the women were wearing summer dresses. The meal was served on
china with crystal drinking glasses. Why was Deanna so surprised?
The event activated the fundamental attribution error.
The event triggered a confirmation bias.
The event was outside her latitude of acceptance.
The event didn’t match her social schema for picnics.
What is the term for widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership?
stereotypes
schematizing
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
You just sat down in class next to a woman that you know is in the drama club. You believe that people who
excel in drama are also very likely to drink a lot of wine, so to start a conversation, you ask this girl about her
favourite wine. She tells you about a chardonnay that she particularly likes, but she doesn’t mention that she
rarely drinks wine (she’s more of a “beer person”). Once the conversation is over, you have no idea what she
prefers and you’re even more convinced that actors are big wine drinkers. Based on the research of Zanna and
Cooper, what has happened here?
You’ve acted in a way that is discriminatory.
Your stereotypes led to a self-fulfilling prophecy.
You’ve succumbed to the social schema effect.
You’ve committed the fundamental attribution error.
Which of the following reflects the illusory correlation effect?
We see correlations between social traits that really aren’t there, because our expectations distort our
memories.
We fail to see true correlations between social traits, because our expectations distort our memories.
We are motivated to accurately estimate the frequency with which some pattern of social traits occurs.
We incorrectly assume that one social trait is the cause of another, simply because we have observed that
they are correlated.
What term is used by evolutionary theorists for a group that one belongs to and identifies with?
ingroup
clan
clique
family
Eric has joined a new fraternity. Based on the research conducted by Krebs and Denton, if the other fraternity
members now consider Eric as part of their ingroup, what are they more likely to do?
pay less attention to his actions and ideas
remember things that he does with greater accuracy
view him in somewhat negative terms
view him in a generally positive light
According to evolutionary psychologists, how do we tend to view members of outgroups?
as role models
as potential mates
with deference
with negative stereotypes
What do we use attributions for?
to understand and predict how we will respond in novel situations
to avoid making errors about the causes of others’ behaviour
to make discriminatory judgments about others
to explain our experiences and influence our social relations
A father suggests that his son’s low marks in school are the result of having a bad teacher this year. What type of
attribution has the father made?
external-unstable
internal-unstable
external-stable
internal-stable
A father suggests that his son’s low marks in school are because the boy has always been lazy. What type of
attribution has the father made?
internal-unstable
internal-stable
external-unstable
external-stable
Tally just heard that her neighbour, Rupert, was involved in an automobile accident. If Tally concludes that
Rupert’s reckless driving habits caused the accident, what has she done?
been influenced by an illusory correlation
made a self-serving attribution
made an internal attribution
made an external attribution
Tina recently lost half of the money she had put away for her retirement. If Webster concludes that Tina lost the
money because the stock market took a significant downturn, what has he done?
made an external attribution
made the fundamental attribution error
been influenced by an illusory correlation
made an internal attribution
What type of attribution is blaming a car accident on the weather conditions an example of?
a dispositional attribution
a defensive attribution
an external attribution
a self-serving attribution
You’ve just been awarded a full scholarship for next year, which you perceive as confirmation of your superior
intellectual ability. According to Weiner’s model, what type of attribution have you made about your success?
external-stable
internal-stable
external-unstable
internal-unstable
Martha wins three games of backgammon in a row, even though she has never played before. If Martha assumes
she has “beginner's luck,” what type of attribution has she made about her success?
internal-unstable
external-unstable
external-stable
internal-stable
Alphonse failed his geology midterm. According to Weiner’s attributional model, if Alphonse makes an external-
unstable attribution for his failure, what is he most likely to say?
“I just can’t seem to catch on in my geology classes, and I don’t think I'll ever learn all those terms.”
“That professor has impossible exams; if I retake the class with a different professor, I’ll probably do
much better.”
“It was just bad luck that most of the exam was on the one chapter I didn’t study.”
“I was really tired during the exam because I had to work the late shift the night before the exam.”
Skye scored 100 percent on her statistics midterm. According to Weiner’s attributional model, if Skye makes an
internal-stable attribution for her success, what is she most likely to say?
“The professor makes the whole course so easy to understand that it is virtually impossible to do poorly in
the class.”
“I was calm and relaxed the day of the exam because I was able to get a good night’s sleep the night
before the exam.”
“It was just good luck that most of the exam was on the material I had time to study.”
“I have always been good at statistics; I guess I just have a natural ability in that area.”
Which tendency is explained by the fundamental attribution error?
Actors favour internal attributions in explaining the behaviour of others.
Observers favour external attributions in explaining the behaviour of others.
Actors favour external attributions in explaining the behaviour of others.
Observers favour internal attributions in explaining the behaviour of others.
If you tend to overemphasize internal characteristics in explaining the behaviour of others, which of the following
describes your explanations?
fundamental attribution error
false consensus effect
situational attributional tendency
self-serving bias
Ralph watches as a customer with at least 40 items lines up at his express checkout line. He decides the
customer must be a real “idiot” to miss the sign that indicates Ralph’s checkout line is an express line with a limit
of 10 items. What is illustrated by this example?
self-serving bias
illusory correlation
defensive attribution
fundamental attribution error
Why do actors and observers tend to give different explanations for the same instance of behaviour by an actor?
Only outside observers can accurately explain actors’ behaviour.
Situational pressures may not be readily apparent to an observer.
Observers tend to possess more knowledge than the actors.
Only actors themselves can accurately explain their own behaviour.
When you fail a test, which of the following attributions is more likely to be made by your roommate about your
grade?
The test was unfair.
Most of the class also failed the test.
The teacher is ineffective.
You didn’t study enough.
When you get an “A” on a test, which of the following attributions is more likely to be made by you than by your
roommate?
You studied very hard.
The teacher gave a lot of hints.
You’re very smart.
You cheated.
According to the notion of defensive attribution, what do we use to explain the setbacks that befall other people?
stable causes
external causes
defensive causes
internal causes
What is the term for putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the
groups one belongs to?
attributionism
collectivism
functionalism
individualism
What is the term for putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal
attributes?
individualism
egocentrism
hedonism
dispositional attributional bias
What is the term for attributing one’s successes to dispositional factors and one’s failures to situational factors?
self-serving bias
actor-observer bias
fundamental attribution error
self-enhancing strategy
What is the self-serving bias?
attributing our successes to external causes and our failures to internal causes
attributing our successes to consensus and our failures to uniqueness
attributing our successes to dispositional causes and our failures to situational causes
attributing our successes to ego strength and our failures to ego weakness
Attributing one’s success on an exam to one’s intelligence and one’s failure to the unfairness of the exam is an
example of which of the following?
actor-observer bias
fundamental attributional error
self-serving bias
defensive attribution
61. Which of the following is more common among people from a collectivist culture, compared to an individualist
culture?
actor-observer bias
self-effacing bias
self-serving bias
fundamental attribution error
Toshi was born and raised in Japan; Otis was born and raised in the United States. Based on cross-cultural
studies comparing individualistic and collectivist cultures, which of the following is expected of Toshi compared
to Otis?
Toshi is less likely to exhibit a self-serving bias in explaining success.
Toshi is more likely to exhibit a self-serving bias in explaining success.
Toshi is less likely to experience cognitive dissonance.
Toshi is more likely to experience cognitive dissonance.
What is the name for the idea that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to
select each other as partners?
matching hypothesis
attitude-behaviour consistency principle
attributional outcome principle
propinquity hypothesis
Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning attitudes and interpersonal attraction?
People are attracted to others with highly similar or highly dissimilar attitudes.
People are more likely to be attracted to someone with similar attitudes.
People are more likely to be attracted to someone with dissimilar attitudes.
People are not attracted to others based on their attitudes because attitudes and attraction are
independent.
Based on data from a longitudinal study of best friends, which of the following predicts closeness after two
decades of friendship?
similarity
gender
attractiveness
talkativeness
Which of the following couples is most likely to report great relationship satisfaction?
Ike and Tina, who have passionate love for each other
Mindy and Dan, who have companionate love for each other
Sam and Diane, who have a preoccupied attachment style
Nicole and Chris, who have an opposites-attract relationship
What type of love involves complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and
ecstasy of intense emotion?
sexual
passionate
lustful
platonic
Greer and Neil have been married for 15 years. They have an extremely warm and trusting relationship, and even
though Neil frequently travels on business, Greer never worries about him cheating. According to Hatfield and
Berscheid, what type of love is this?
companionate
intimate
preoccupied
passionate
According to Sternberg, how can companionate love be subdivided?
into friendship and sexuality
into intimacy and friendship
into sexuality and commitment
into commitment and intimacy
According to Sternberg, what type of love is prevalent in long-term relationships?
attachment and companionate
passion and romance
commitment and passion
commitment and intimacy
Natasha has always felt at ease confiding in other people, and she and Boris have described their relationship as
one based on trust. According to Hazan and Shaver, which type of attachment style did Natasha likely have with
her parents?
secure attachment
avoidant attachment
anxious-ambivalent attachment
nonattachment
According to Hazan and Shaver, what type of attachment style is associated with an adult who reports that his or
her love relations are volatile, jealous, and full of expected rejection?
secure
avoidant
anxious-ambivalent
tentative
Which of the following relationship styles is associated with wanting to keep an emotional distance from your
partner?
avoidant-fearful
avoidant-dismissing
attachment anxiety
preoccupation
Which of the following facial features is perceived as attractive by both males and females?
youthful features
symmetry
large eyes in relation to the size of the face
strong jawline
Which of the following is one of the major components of an attitude?
emotional feelings stimulated by an object of thought
predispositions to act in certain ways
beliefs that one holds about the object of an attitude
all of the above
Glenda has a favourable attitude toward the independent candidate in the upcoming election because all her
friends say they are planning to vote for him. They have all said he is the best person for the position. Which of
the following influenced Glenda’s attitude?
obedience
classical conditioning
observational learning
cognitive dissonance
What is cognitive dissonance?
a feeling of guilt produced by engaging in counterattitudinal behaviour
a state of confusion when cognitions are unrelated to each other
a state of tension produced when related cognitions are inconsistent
a feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasive communications
In the study by Festinger and Carlsmith, which subjects exhibited the greatest attitude change?
those who were paid $1 for lying
those who were paid $20 for lying
those who were paid $1 for honesty
those who were paid $20 for honesty
Which of the following is a cognitive dissonance explanation for results found by Festinger and Carlsmith?
Subjects paid $1 to lie felt little cognitive dissonance.
Subjects paid $20 to lie had sufficient justification for their counterattitudinal behaviour and experienced
little dissonance.
Subjects paid $1 to lie had sufficient justification for their counterattitudinal behaviour.
Subjects paid $20 to lie felt high cognitive dissonance.
Which theory proposes that we often infer our attitudes from observations of our own behaviour?
balance
learning
self-perception
cognitive dissonance
Which of the following terms is defined as yielding to real or imagined social pressure?
cognitive dissonance
conformity
obedience
groupthink
Which of the following leads to conformity?
negative reinforcement
responding to real or imagined social pressure
observing a model being reinforced for a particular response
positive reinforcement
In Asch’s studies, what were found to be the key determinants of conformity?
task difficulty and group size
group size and group unanimity
group size and the subjects’ intelligence
the group leader’s personality and group unanimity
When did Asch find that group size did NOT affect conformity?
when the task was easy
when the experimenter ridiculed the group’s wrong answers
when just one accomplice failed to go along with the rest of the group
when the task was difficult
Obedience is a form of compliance in which people change their behaviour in response to which of the following?
implied pressure
direct commands
requests from others
persuasive communications
What happened to subjects in Milgram’s study of obedience?
They were ordered to deliver painful electric shocks to a stranger.
They were ordered to give consistently wrong answers to simple questions.
They became the recipients of electric shocks delivered by an experimenter.
They indicated which of three lines matched a “standard line” in length.
In Milgram’s research on obedience, what did the experimenter do to the teacher when the teacher questioned
whether the experiment should continue?
The teacher was given verbal prompts to continue.
The teacher was shocked.
The teacher was verbally abused.
The teacher was requested to change places with the learner.
In Milgram’s study, what percentage of the subjects fully obeyed the experimenter?
5%
35%
65%
95%
In Milgram’s research on obedience, what did the teacher routinely do?
Resist the authority figure during early trials, but then obey consistently.
Resist the authority figure.
Refuse to continue after shock was delivered.
Obey the authority figure.
When did Milgram find that subjects’ obedience declined dramatically?
when group size was increased beyond seven members
when an innocent stranger was harmed by the subjects’ actions
when another “teacher” defied the experimenter’s order
when the study was conducted in a run-down, dilapidated building
Which of the following tended to reduce conformity in Asch’s studies and obedience in Milgram’s studies?
group cohesiveness
centralized communication
the presence of a dissenter
the presence of a dissenter
Which of the following statements reflects the bystander effect?
The probability that someone will provide help decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
A group of witnesses to an emergency will all tend to cooperate to provide help.
Bystanders’ willingness to help depends on the seriousness of the emergency.
The probability that someone will seek help increases as the number of bystanders increases.
Which of the following is true of the bystander effect?
It is weaker when there are more people in the group.
It is unaffected by the size of the group.
It is stronger when there are more people in the group.
It is greatest when the observer is the only one present.
What is diffusion of responsibility?
basis for performing prosocial behaviour
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence/aggression
cause of halo effect in aggression
tendency to assume that someone else will take charge
What happens to the productivity of individuals when they are in larger groups?
It declines due to the loss of coordination among group members’ efforts.
It declines due to reinforcement from other group members for reduced productivity.
It increases due to concern about being evaluated by other group members.
It increases due to enforced commitment to the group’s goals.
What does social loafing refer to?
the reduction of effort by individuals when they work in groups
increases in socializing among members of larger groups
tendency to blame others for the group’s poor performance
the loss of coordination among group members’ efforts
What is the term for the tendency for group discussion to result in a strengthening of the group’s dominant view
and shifting it to a greater extreme?
reinforcement
group polarization
group diffusion
groupthink
Which of the following is predicted by the group polarization effect?
When most of the group members initially favour a cautious decision, discussion will cause the group to
adopt a risky decision.
The gap between two opposing factions will be narrowed after group discussion.
Group decisions will always be better than individual decisions.
When most of the group members initially favour a cautious decision, discussion will cause the group to
adopt an even more cautious decision.
Censoring dissent, pressuring to conform, omitting contradictory evidence, and polarizing ingroups and outgroups
are basic features of which of the following?
social loafing
group polarization
groupthink
social diffusion
What does group cohesiveness refer to?
the tendency of groups to make more cautious decisions than individuals
the strength of relationships linking group members to each other and to the group
the degree to which group members agree about an issue
the extent of polarization that occurs after group discussion
Based on the results of a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), when people are presented
with photos of people from other races, what tends to occur?
The amygdala is activated, especially in those who hold racist views.
Cortical activity seems to be suppressed in most people.
The frontal lobes are activated in older individuals.
The hippocampus and visual cortex are more active than usual.
What is the term for harbouring negative thoughts and feelings about a person simply because of his or her
membership in a particular group?
prejudice
discrimination
chauvinism
social judgment
What is the term for denying a person equal social treatment based on his or her group membership?
prejudice
social scaling
chauvinism
discrimination
What is the tendency called ethnocentrism?
focusing on one’s own needs as opposed to what is best for the group
evaluating people in one’s own group as superior to others
modelling the attitudes of members of one’s immediate family
identifying with members of a popular outgroup
Which of the following social influence techniques involves getting people to agree to a small request to increase
the chances that they will agree to a larger request later?
highball technique
reciprocity norm
lowball technique
foot-in-the-door technique
Groups seeking donations often ask people to simply sign a petition first. Which of the following social influence
techniques is illustrated by this approach?
highball technique
foot-in-the-door technique
reciprocity norm
lowball technique
