the smallest amount of a stimulus needed for a person to detect that stimulus 50% of the time

designed to assess what has already been learned

designed to predict future performance/ability in learning

causes the neuron send a sudden and fast message down an axon and has the "all or nothing" principle

when a neuron is not firing and has a negative charge with mostly potassium ions inside and mostly sodium ions outside

a desire for significant accomplishment, constant striving for excellence or success

carry information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system

carry information away from the central nervous system to the muscles in the body

______ mimic's neurotransmitter activity

______ block's neurotransmitter activity

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt, harm or destroy

studied children's attachment styles by putting the child and their mother in a room with a stranger entering and exiting

- found secure (70%) and insecure (30%) as attachment styles

demonstrated that children are able to learn social behavior, such as aggression, through the process of observation learning (a child watching an adult play aggressively/not aggressively with toys)

who created rational emotive behavior therapy, which is a cognitive theory developed for confronting and changing irrational beliefs and behaviors

psychologist ________ said every person is born feeling inferior to others, which is the ________

step by step, methodical, logical rules or procedures that guarantee solving a particular problem

neurons have a all-or-nothing response, meaning they either fire or they don't

unselfish behaviors or actions done for the sake of others

the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, with over 146,000 members, including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students

not being able to remember events that occurred after the accident

not being able to remember events that occurred before the accident

the combination of both female and male characteristics

a group of conditions with worry, fear, apprehension, intrusive thoughts, physical symptoms, and feelings of tension

- GAD, panic disorder, and phobias

focuses on finding the right level of stimulation to maintain an optimal arousal level

- had one participant and 9 actors sit at a table and they were asked to individually say which line matched the example line

- actors gave an unanimous wrong answer and 1/3 of the time the participants conformed

- an average of 75% of all participants conformed at least once

beliefs and feelings that predispose people to respond in particular ways to situations and other people

people tend to attribute/explain internal (dispositional) or external (situational) causes as the determining factor in behavior

associates an unpleasant state or stimulus with an unwanted behavior (behavior)

- used with alcoholics

toes fan out and foot twists in when the bottom of the foot is stroked

our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

- santa claus, easter bunny

our tendency to over-rely on preexisting beliefs and knowledge when evaluating the conclusions of an argument, disregarding the evidence

hypothetical bell-shaped distribution curve that occurs when a normal distribution is plotted

______ believed that you see the world differently from another person who speaks another language due to the specific language you speak

created operant conditioning, which believed all behaviors are ultimately learned and controlled by the relationships between the situation that immediately precedes the behavior and the consequences that directly follow it

depth cues that require the use of two eyes

when both eyes rotate inward at different angles to focus on an object

used to perceive depth between two near objects

a lack of insight or awareness—often persistent—about a specific area of one's behavior or personality

a semipermeable barrier that controls what goes through and only lets in very, very small things, and drugs are very small so they break the barrier and are let in

analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind

information processing guided by higher mental processes as we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

responsible for controlling many of the body's basic functions and is composed of 3 parts (the midbrain, pons, and medulla)

area in the left frontal lobe that directs muscle movements involved in speech and when damaged, makes it hard to communicate

as the more people present increases, the likelihood that anyone helps decreases

proposed that we feel emotion and physiological arousal simultaneously from a stimulus

________ created ________, which is where the therapist listens to the client's needs in an accepting, non-judgmental way to build his/her self esteem

believed that Kohlberg's moral theory was biased against women because he used only white males, and males have different thinking processes than women

an extreme change in emotion, occurring as the result of experiencing strong feelings

_______- forms associations between stimuli (CS and US)

________- association between behaviors and resulting events

a way to change behavior using unlearned stimulus and responses

the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened

the reduction of some response that the organism currently or previously produced

the reappearance of a response that had been extinguished

tendency to generalize the response to other similar stimuli

when the differences between stimuli are noticed, and the stimuli are not responded to in similar ways

our tendency to unconsciously imitate others' expressions, postures, and voice tones

states that humans are born with the ability to learn and acquire language

when your thoughts and beliefs don't match up, causing conflict mentally

the phenomenon of the brain's ability to focus one's auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli

______- focused on the group and importance of community

______- focused on the rights and concerns of each person

adjusting behavior or thinking to coincide with other people or a group standard

a state of being awake and aware of external stimuli and one's own mental activity

group without special treatment or with placebo to compare to experimental group

statistical measure that shows the degree of relationship between 2 variables

seeks the relationship between two variables and and measures the statistical relationship between them

controls functions like judgements, planning, producing speech sounds, emotions, personality, temperament

- also called the prefrontal cortex

controls functions like hearing, storing long term memories, speech and language, and understanding

controls functions like all aspects of vision

controls functions like body position and spatial reasoning, which is touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

contains wrinkles and fissures, which increase the surface area of the brain

largely responsible for perceiving touch and pressure parts of the body

largely responsible for the voluntary movement of parts of the body

responsible for the sense of hearing

receives images from the eyes and transformed into meaningful stimuli

a limited time in which an event can occur, usually to result in some kind of transformation developmentally

a type of research design in which you collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time

_____- the ability to reason and solve problems in unique and novel situations (gf)

_____- the ability to use knowledge acquired through past learning and experience (gc)

unlearned, naturally occurring automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus that does not require conditioning for it to occur

the learned response that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone, without the unconditioned stimulus

the stimulus that automatically produces a reflex

a previously neutral, irrelevant stimulus that does not normally elicit an automatic response, but after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

believed a person's ability to manage their feelings so that those feelings are expressed appropriately and effectively

an experiment done to determine the validity of psychiatric diagnoses where 8 people went to a mental hospital admissions offices and complained of hearing voices and all eight were all falsely diagnosed, showing how the doctors can't discriminate between those mentally ill and not

used by the ego to protect itself against anxiety caused the conflict between the id and superego

loss of identity, self-awareness, and self-restraint being part of a large group

the removal of people with physical and mental challenges from institutions and better integration into the community

feelings of worthlessness, exhaustion, loss of pleasure, hopelessness, sleeping problems, trouble thinking clearly, thoughts of death, etc.

the branch of psychology concerned with the changes in cognitive, motivational, psychophysiological, and social functioning that occur throughout the human life span

describes the symptoms of the disorder, classifies the disorder, and will not explain the causes or cures

how much a stimulus must change before it becomes noticeably different

unwarranted negative behavior or actions toward a group or individual

a person shifts their sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable person or object

characterized by separation of critical parts of the personality (like memory, consciousness, or identity) that are normally integrated and work together

a cognitive process in which a person generates many unique, creative responses to a single question or problem

a cognitive process in which a person attempts to find a single, correct answer to a problem

advocate on behalf of the mentally ill and created the first ever mental asylums during the civil war

an intellectual disorder associated with physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in the 21st chromosome

dream analysis

_____- remembered story-line

_____- underlying meaning of the dream

a physiological need/drive that pushes us into action to satisfy our need

subject to pressure changes in cochlear fluid and contains the organ of corti

- cochlea

- basilar membrane

- hair cells

- tympanic membrane (eardrum)

- ossicles

- pinna

-auditory canal

leads to tympanic membrane

vibrates with reception of sound and separates outer ear and middle ear

three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) in motion by eardrum and transmit sound vibration to cochlea

channels sound waves toward the eardrum

coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube that transducer sound vibrations to auditory canals

a disorder marked by a person swallowing unnatural, nonnutritive substances, such as paint, plaster, hair, dirt, starch, etc.

a disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

recurrent binge eating without any type of "purging"

characterized by a normal weight person dieting, losing a ton of weight, and still feeling overweight

discovered the spacing effect (we remember information easier when studied over periods of time, rather than in a short time) and forgetting curve (the ability of the brain to forget information depending on how much time was spent learning that information)

the ability to remember an auditory stimuli for 3-4 seconds

a rare ability in some people to recall images and sounds after short exposure (photographic memory)

the use of electric shock to produce convulsions to treat serenely depressed or psychotic patients

believed that as people remembered memories, they filled in gaps with plausible guesses and assumptions, creating false memories

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

a very vivid, remembered event that is typically very emotional and important to you

the study of how the environment and other factors can change the way that genes are expressed

can I trust the world?

- age: 0-1 year

- important events: feeding, survival, needs fulfilled

- dependent on others to meet physical needs and need for love

do I have some control in my life?

- age: 1-3 years

- important events: toilet training, "no!"

- toddler's energies are directed towards physical skills (walking, doing this alone)

am I capable of doing things myself?

- age: 3-6 years

- important events: independence, initiative, "why?"

- child wants to understand the world, asks questions, becomes responsible, carries out plans, tries to gain independence

am I capable to do things socially?

- age: 6-12 years

- important events: school, games

- child must feel competent when applying themself to a task as they start to compare themselves to others

who am I and where is my place in this world?

- age: 12-18 years

- important events: peers

- teens must achieve self-identity by trying out different roles until they have truly found who they are

can I love and be loved?

- age: 20-40 years

- important events: relationships, career/school

- trying to form important and close relationships (friends and partners)

am I productive and giving back something to the world?

- age: 40-60 years

- important events: parenting and career

- people discover a sense of contributing to the world through work and family or that they may lack in contributions

has it been worth it?

- age: 60+ years

- important events: life reflection

- look back at life and want a sense of wisdom, fulfillment, achievement, etc.

informed consent, limited deception, protect from harm and discomfort, confidentiality, debrief

tendency to believe one's ethnic, racial, or cultural group is superior and all other groups are measured in relation to it

a research method in which the experimenter controls and manipulates the independent variable, allowing the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between the independent and dependent variables

in the fovea that shows color and has a high ability to detect detail

in the periphery that cannot detect color and has low ability to detect detail

protective outer layer of the eye that bends light waves to assist in proper focus

hole at the center of the iris which allows light to enter the eye

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptors, rods, and cones plus layers of other neurons that process visual information

nerve cells in the visual cortex that respond to specific features, like edges, angles, length, and movement

central point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster

a piece of muscle tissue that sits behind the cornea and helps the eye adjust how much light enters

the cranial nerve that carries the visual impulse out of the back of the eye and into the brain for further processing

disgust, sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

concluded that an abnormality occurred somewhere within the visual pathway from the eye to the brain

the possibility that humans and animals have neurons and neural networks that function as detectors, observing the individual characteristics, or features, of every object and pattern we encounter

a human child who grew up isolated from all human contact

harmful substances that get inside of the membrane of the sac that the baby is in

- like alcohol, drugs, etc

physical and cognitive abnormalities caused by a pregnant mother's heavy drinking

organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

the trend that there is an increase in intelligence test scores over time