What is CHONP?

Cells in an organism are not exact replicas

A nucleic acid is a polymer in which the monomer units are

Two Types of Nucleic Acids

Found within cell nucleus

Storage and transfer of genetic information 

Passed from one cell to other during cell division

Occurs in all parts of cell

Primary function is to synthesize the proteins

A Nucleotide has three components

A Nucleotide has three components:

Ribose is present in RNA and _-deoxyribose is present in DNA

OH group present on carbon 2’ in

H atom in 2-_

RNA and DNA differ in the identity of the sugar unit in their nucleotides.

There are a total five bases (__ of them in most of DNA and RNAs)

Three pyrimidine derivatives

Two purine derivative

found in both DNA and RNA.

found only in RNA

found only in DNA.

Carbon-2 only difference is the presence of a hydroxyl group.

third component of a nucleotide

the phosphoric acid not fully dissociated to give a hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO42-)

Responsible for the ACIDIC nature of nucleic acids.

Is named by changing the nitrogen base ending

-osine

-idine

named using the name of the nucleoside followed by 5’-monophosphate

A nucleoside phosphate - named using the name of the nucleoside followed by _’-monophosphate.

The formation of a nucleotide from sugar, base, and 

phosphate

Phosphate attached to C-5’ and base is attached to C-1’ position of pentose

 is a nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contains ribose, a phosphate group, and one of the heterocyclic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil

is a nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contains deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of the heterocyclic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine

5’ end has free phosphate and 3’ end has a free OH group

Sequence of bases read from 5’ to 3’

The primary structure of RNA,

Is a single strand of nucleotides with bases A,C,S, and U.

phosphodiester bonds between ribose and phosphate

Chemical structure only allows bases to bind with specific other bases due to chemical structure

No. of purines = No. of pyrimidines

A + G = C + U

In the chains, each end of the helix contains the 5' end of one strand and the 3'

Sequence of the nucleotide

Helical Structure

Stabilized by H-bond

Supercoiling

Cleaves and unwinds short sections of DNA ahead of the replication fork

Synthesizes an RNA primer to begin the elongation process

Catalyzes the formation of phosphate bridges between nucleotides to join Okazaki fragments

Relaxes the supercoiling of the double stranded DNA while being unwind by helicase or DNA polymerase.

One parent strand and one daughter strand appear in the final product.

New DNA is made by using the original DNA as a template.

The strands separate in a certain region. Bases for the new strand line up on the parent strand according to the rules for

Synthesis of RNA from DNA using RNA polymerase,

Three basic types of RNA

Template of protein synthesis (carrier of codons)

The primary component of ribosomes

Transfers amino acid (carrier of anticodons)

Responsible for splicing/processing pre-mRNA

Also known as pre-mRNA

The informational DNA segments that make up genes

are the noncoding regions of the polypeptide. During processing (splicing), the introns are removed, and exons spliced together to yield the final mRNA.

The process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.

Unit for sedimentation coefficients

Which of the following does not belong in the Genetic Code?

Each tRNA has a triplet called an ____ that complements a codon on mRNA.

The tRNA bonds to a specific amino acid at the inacceptor stem.

An error in base sequence reproduced during DNA replication.

 Errors in genetic information is passed on during transcription.

The altered information can cause changes in amino acid sequence during protein synthesis and thereby alter protein function.

A mutation that arises naturally and not as a result of exposure to mutagens

Occur due to over in DNA replicators...

A mutation that is produced by treatment with a physical or chemical agent (mutagens) that affects the DNA

Occur due to the incorporation of base analogs, base pairing base damage

Mutations are caused by mutagens

UV-rays, X-ray, radioactivity and cosmic radiation

______ can also have mutagenic effects

E.g., nitrates à nitrous acid (HNO2) can convert cytosine to uracil

Point mutations (2 correct answers)

Frameshift Mutations

Codon containing the changed base results to the same amino acid

Codon containing the changed base results to a STOP CODON

Codon containing the changed base results to a different amino acid

Purine Replaces pyrimidine or vice versa

Can be caused by an aromatic compound inserting between bases in stacked DNA

Inability to repair tissue damage

No exonuclease

Missense Mutation

Valine replaces Glutamic acid

Short stature, aplastic anemia

induced by Mitomycin C

Proximal tubule is impaired

Deficiency in HGPRT (Hypoxantine guanin phosphoribosyl transferase)

Nucleic acids have secondary and tertiary structure

The poly nucleotides run anti-parallel (opposite directions) to each other, i.e., 5’ - 3’ and 3’ - 5’

Complementary bases are pairs of bases in a nucleic acid structure that can hydrogen-bond to each other.

A-T and G-C are called complementary bases

Process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves

Old strands act as templates for the synthesis of new strands