Trials after the Holocaust which tried 22 of the most high-ranking Nazi participants in the Holocaust for war crimes. 12 were condemned to death, 3 were acquitted, and the rest were sentenced to life in prison. One of its main goals was to bring justice but also to make clear to the Germans the horror created by Nazi leadership.

One of the two conferences between the Allied powers to decide what to do to keep the peace after WWII: here the USSR was guaranteed to be the only power to liberate Eastern Europe.

One of the two conferences between the Allied powers to decide what to do to keep the peace after WWII: here Stalin pledge to allow democratic elections in eastern Europe (but later reneged) and Germany was divided into four zones controlled by the U.S., France, Britain and USSR. (After the war, the Soviets did not allow the reunification of Germany and dominated their zone.)

British Prime Minister Winston Churchhill, President Harry Truman, and Joseph Stalin met to negotiate the terms for the end of WWII. Truman demanded free elections on eastern Europe but Stalin refused - he wanted a "buffer zone" between Germany and the USSR for protection against a future war. In the end, it was decided that Germany would be occupied by the Americans, British, French, and Soviets and be demilitarized and disarmed.

The political, military, and ideological barrier which divided Europe into an East (Soviet influenced) and a West (US and Western influenced).

Because the US, Britain, and France believed Germany was no longer a threat and that its economy was vital to the recovery of Europe, they gave back their zones of influence and ____ ______ and ____ _______ were formed.

The government of West Germany starting in 1949. It was led by Konrad Adenauer.

The government of East Germany starting in 1949. It was led by Walter Ulbricht.

A US policy of containment which stated that they would offer military assistance to nations that resisted communism. It started after the US aided Greece and Turkey helped defeat communist insurgencies.

A US policy of containment which stated that they would send a financial aid package of $13 billion to help war-torn Europe recover from the war. It was aimed to prevent communism from spreading into economically devastated regions while fostering trade between the US and Europe.

An event where the Soviets attempted to remove the Allies from Berlin by cutting off access to the city (context: the city was cut into four sections nut had been partitioned after the war. The city was located within the Soviets' eastern zone).Stalin ordered that all roads leading into West Berlin be blocked by Soviet troops. This event became one of the high tension points of the Cold War Many thought the conflict could escalate into World War III U.S. organized a massive airlift of 277,000 flights into the city, carrying food, medicine and other necessary supplies. After 11 months, the Soviets agreed to lift the

blockade in 1949.

Collective security organization consisted of the democracies in Europe, U.S. & Canada to prevent against Soviet expansion in Europe. If any of the 12 member nations were attacked by the Soviets, the other nations would come to its defense. It was formed in response to the Berlin Crisis.

Organization formed by the Soviet Union in response to the formation of NATO. It was similar to NATO in that it provided for collective security for Eastern Bloc countries controlled by the USSR.

Leader of the Communists in China who won the Chinese Revolution where the Nationalists were overthrown. He became the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and established the "Peoples Republic of China" ("Red China").

War between North and South Korea:

Korea divided at 38th parallel: north was communist (supported by the Soviets), south was not (supported by the US). China sent hundreds of thousands of troops to push back UN forces in North Korea.

Result: cease-fire reached in 1953 and the border was restored at the 38th parallel  The cease-fire is still in existence today

Bomb developed by the U.S in 1952 and the USSR in 1953. It was far more destructive than the atomic bombs dropped on Japan at the end of World War II.

The world now had two nuclear superpowers

An offshoot of the military arms race between the US and USSR. They tried to compete with their technology and intellect to prove their superiority by becoming the first nation to put a human into space. The US won when Neil Armstrong landed on the moon in 1969.

After a power struggle ensued after Stalin died in 1953,

this person emerged as the leader a few years later. He was a former deputy of Stalin and became the head of the Communist Party. He tried to find a middle road between the Western democracies and the old party hard-liners who thrived under Stalin by defending communism while trying to fix the excesses of Stalin.

The policy of eradicating the memory or influence of Joseph Stalin and Stalinism, especially after 1956. They were prompted by Nikita Khrushchev.

A communist reformer who called for democratization during the Hungarian Revolution.

A event where Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized, however it turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country. The revolutionaries hoped the U.S. would come in and help achieve Hungarian independence. Instead, Soviet tanks and troops responded by invading Hungary and crushing the national democratic revolution.

Relations between the USSR and U.S. improved in the 1950s with the rise to power of Nikita Khrushchev. Khrushchev sought “__________” with the West so that he could focus on improving the Soviet economy.

A meeting in 1955 where the USSR met with the U.S., Britain, & France to begin

discussions on European security & disarmament. No agreements resulted

A Russian satellite was sent into orbit on a rocket and was brought back safely to the USSR in 1957. It demonstrated that the USSR was ahead of the U.S. in space technology. This effectively began the “space race” with the U.S. as Americans were horrified that the Soviets had eclipsed U.S. technology in this area.

An incident which showed how Cold War worsened during the early 1960s: American U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR. Khrushchev demanded an apology from President Eisenhower; Eisenhower refused. The scheduled Paris Summit in 1960 between Khrushchev and Eisenhower was canceled as a

result.

In 1962, U.S. demanded Soviets remove their newly installed nuclear missiles from Cuba.

This crisis became the closest USSR and US came to nuclear war during the Cold War.

U.S. placed blockade (naval quarantine) on any further missiles into Cuba Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in return for U.S. removing its missiles from Turkey and vowing never to invade Cuba.

Soviet politician, General Secretary of the Communist Party, and the leader after Khruschev.

A wall built in 1961 to divide Berlin (east and west). It was more aimed to keep East Germans in than keeping people from coming in.

Czechoslovakia's second attempt to break from the USSR. It was led by Alexander Dubcek and was an attempt to soften the Stalinist-style communism and create a more open society. However, it was suppressed by Soviet troops.

Formulated in response to the Prague Spring. It stated that the USSR had the right to intervene in the internal affairs of any satellite nation if communism was threatened.

Indian lawyer who led an independence movement using nonviolent tactics against British Rule in India. He turned an upper-class rebellion into a rebellion involving all of India. He also inspired civil rights and freedom movements around the world.

Nations who were not allied with any other nation, particularly with communists or non-communists.

A confrontational policy used by the US and USSR throughout the 1950s and 60s. Any perceived breach of sovereignty was met with the immediate threat of the use of nuclear weapons.

President of North Vietnam and one of the most influential communists of the 20th century. He led during a very troubled period of their history and fought to make the country independent, united, and Communist.

Major conflict for Algerian independence between Algeria and France. It started when France tried to increase their influence and rule in Aleria. It resulted in Algeria winning its independence after France and leaders of the Algerian National Liberal front signed a peace agreement, ending 130 years of colonial rule in Algeria. After, many French people moved back to France.