Molten or liquid like, rock within the earth

(a)  

An opening through which molten rock flows out the earth’s surface

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Collapsed volcanic summit and is greater in diameter than crater.

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two of earth's plates meet together; parallel to oceanic trenches

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active areas below the earth's crust

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molten rock which is given off onto the surface of the Earth when a volcano erupts.

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have a record f eruption within the last 600 years

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have not erupted for the last 10,00 years

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abundant in the vicinity of an active and inactive volcano

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Magma (molten rock) emerging as a liquid onto earth’s surface

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property of the material resistance to flow

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as the temperature increases, the viscosity _

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smooth and can have ropy, billowy appearance

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rubby flow, with a molten core 

higher viscosity, moves more slowly, produce thicker flows

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bulbous, spherical, or tubular lobes of lava

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large angular blocks of lava

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all pieces of all fragments of rock ejected into the air by an erupting volcano

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very fine-grained fragments

dominated by broken glass shards, but with variable amounts of broken crystal and rock fragments

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pea-to-walnut pyroclasts

2 to 64 mm

often look like cinders

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formed from molten rock ejected from the volcano that hardened

fragments greater than 64mm

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- formed from pieces of larger rocks that broke

- fragments greater than 64mm

- angular

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low in silica content

dark colored minerals

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higher in silica content

lighter colored mineral

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basalt, extrusive igneous rock that is low in silica content, dark in color, and rich in iron and magnesium

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gray to black volcanic rock with between about 52 and 63 weight percent silica

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rhyolite magmas tend to erupt explosive, producing abundant ash and pumice

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enough magma builds up in the magma chamber, it forces its way up to the surface and erupts.

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if a magma has a low viscosity, gas can escape easily, so when the magma erupts at the surface it forms lava flows

(a)  

occur when cooler, more viscous magmas reach the surface

(a)  

The viscosity of

magma

(a)   with

temperature.

• non-explosive eruptions of gusher-like lava fountains (“fire fountains” or “curtains of fire”)

• it generates red-hot lava rivers of very fluid basaltic lavas

(a)  

characterized by effusions of molten basaltic lava that flow from long, parallel fissures. Such outpourings often build lava plateaus.

(a)  

eruptions are moderately explosive eruptions of basaltic magma with moderate gas content.

(a)  

usually consist of small volumes of magma, but form vigorous eruption columns made up of highly fragmented ash.

(a)  

Eruptions that are driven by steam explosions due to the superheating of groundwater by a magmatic source.

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Phreatic comes from the Ancient Greek “phrear” , which meant “ well, ” or “ (a)   .”

resulting from the interaction between magma and water

(a)  

explosive outbursts that generate pyroclastic flows, dense mixtures of hot volcanic fragments and gas described in the section Lava, gas, and other hazards

(a)  

producing ash columns that extend many tens of miles into the stratosphere and that spread out into an umbrella shape.

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Plinian eruption of Mount (a)   in the Philippines on June 15, 1991, was the second largest eruption of the 20th century

Heat from earth

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a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.

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third largest geothermal facility in the Philippines with 275 megawatts of installed generating capacity.

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Atmospheric condition of a place at a short period of time

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The water falling from the atmosphere, in the forms of rain, snow or hail

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The average weather conditions in a place over many years

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Measures the distance north or south of the equator

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Closest to the equator 

Receives most direct sunlight

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At sea level, the air pressure is about 100 000 Pascals and when we climb uphill, the air pressure decreases.

(a)  

The pressure of a given amount of gas held at constant volume is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature

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Where the blowing wind comes from, wind blows towards the mountain

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Where the wind goes down, it means downwind (rain shadow effect)

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the continuous, predictable, directional movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind, and water density.

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Large system of rotating ocean currents

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system of ocean currents that transport water around the world

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Deep-ocean currents driven by difference in the water’s density, controlled by temperature (thermo), and salinity (haline)

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Circulating air deflected toward in the north hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere

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Air currents closer to earth’s surface that blow from east to west near the equator

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Process that happens when gasses in Earth’s atmosphere trap the Sun’s heat

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The gradual increase in the average temperature of the earth

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happens when trade winds weaken and the sea surface temperatures at the Eastern Pacific Ocean becomes hotter than usual.

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refers not only to global changes in temperature but also to changes in wind, precipitation, length of seasons, as well as the strength and frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods.

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Characterized by colder sea surface temperatures at the eastern Pacific ocean.

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Narrow bands of strong wind in the upper levels of the atmosphere

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Hot glowing ball of hydrogen and helium

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A process where two atoms of hydrogen fuse together to form an atom of helium

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shows the relationship between the color and temperature of stars. 

(a)  

The apparent displacement or difference in apparent direction of an object as seen from two different points not on a straight line with the object.

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Typically about 20 km in diameter Masses range between 1.18 and 1.97 times that of the sun

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The brightness of the star as seen from the earth

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Easily recognizable or obvious pattern of stars

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Not visible year-round. As the Earth travels counter-clockwise, night looks out towards different parts of the universe

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Revolve around the pole. Visible all year long from the hemisphere

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A simple hand-held device that shows a map of which stars are visible in the night sky at any particular time.

(a)  

Zodiacal Constellation starts at (a)  

Zodiacal Constellation ends with (a)  

Have a size of about 62 million to 620 million miles in diameter 

(a)