What actors want to achieve through political action; their preferences over the outcomes that might result from their political choices.

The ways in which the choices of two or more actors combine to produce political outcomes.

A set of rules, known and shared by the community, that structure political actions in particular ways.

In Realism there is no world government. Thus, there is...

In Realism, People are inherently _________________, which means Countries are inherently ____________________.

Examples of Realist philosophers:

What are the correct arguments of Realist Philosophers

- The state is the dominant actor

- States seek security and/or power

- States’ interests are generally in conflict

All of these are characteristics of Realists' _________

Global politics is primarily about bargaining, in which coercion always remains a possibility; is a characteristic of Realists' ____________

- The international system is anarchic, and institutions exert little independent effect.

- International institutions reflect the interest of powerful states.

Are examples of Realists' _____________

Anarchy causes war many times through the effects of the security dilemma.

Efforts by one state to enhance its security provokes insecurity in another state, which responds accordingly.

Anarchy encourages aggression for the purpose of enhancing security, especially when a situation of imbalance of power exists.

In Realism, none of the single group’s interests dominates all of the others

In Liberalism, humans are _________ but are reasonable and able to ____________ (especially if driven by economic incentives).

Liberalism accepts many different types of actors (i.e. Individuals, Firms, Nongovernmental organizations, States)

Liberals believe that:

- Anarchy is not a bad as the Realists claim it to be.

- Institutions/rules reduce mutual fears and insecurity.

- All of the actors make it possible for countries to cooperate.

In Liberalism, the level of conflict between nations is related to which three main factors?

In Liberalism, the higher the level of trade between two countries means the cost of going to war is higher for both. Creates domestic constituencies which prefer peace, This is the...

In Liberalism, ________________ create Democratic Peace, which Political scientist find this empirically to be true.

A thesis which holds that countries that are governed democratically do not go to war against each other.

Provide information, which reduces mutual fears, meaning less war. Help resolve disputes which are less chances of, need for, war

Affect incentives, meaning less war. Set expectations are less chances of war.

Liberalism Interests:

Liberalism Interactions:

Liberalism Institutions:

In Contructivism, humans are driven by Social Convention.

Does Constructivists focus on a variety of actors like liberalism?

Constructivists depart from liberals by deemphasizing the importance of the material source of interest (wealth) and focusing instead on nonmaterial factors (ideas, culture, norms).

In Constructivism, what actors want is not fixed and predetermined, but a function of their culture, prevailing ideas, and their identity.

International reality is...

Socially Constructed is defined as the reality of the world around us being constructed intersubjectively through social interactions which gives meaning to material objects and practices.

Constructivism Interests:

Constructivism Interactions:

Constructivism Institutions:

Traditional realists believe that the primary concern of International Relations should be to maintain the sovereign state within a(n) _________ international system (This doesn’t mean constant warfare).

in the realist view, the international sphere is characterized by chronic insecurity. According to one strand of realist though, self-reliance is the ultimate key to survival for a state.

Which are the Polarities in Global Politics?

Observers of international politics have characterized the period from the Treaty of Westphalia to 1945 as one of ____________ (i.e. significant power was distributed among three or more states).

The Cold War was a period of _____________, dominated by the two superpowers, the USA and the Soviet Union.

Initially it looked as if the Cold War would be succeeded by a period of ______________ (where only on superpower dominates the word stage), leaving the USA unchallenged as a global power.

States are competing for resources to gain more power for themselves on the world stage. (Consequently, morality and justice are irrelevant to international relations—`might makes right.’)

A war fought with the intention of preventing an adversary from becoming stronger in the future.

The situation that arises when military technology, military strategies, and/or geography give a significant advantage to whichever state attacks first in a war.

An international institution which has three or more member states participating in it.

Examples of Liberal Institutions (aka Intergovernmental organization (IGO)):

These seek to maintain ___________________ which is defined as: The architecture of the global system build by these institutions in the absence of any sovereign global state.

- Negotiations about a successor to the League of Nations began as early as 1941.

- The United Nations Charter was signed in San Francisco in October 1945, by representatives of 51 states.

- Membership of the __________ currently stands at 192.

Establishes basic principles of order in the support of international peace and security.

Who sets up by the UN Charter?

Originally it had five permanent members together with five non-permanent members. What are the five permanent Members?

The ____________ alliance was instituted in 1948, in the early years of the Cold War.

Its founding members of NATO committed themselves to fight against the spread of communism in the European continent. Who are the members of NATO?

Refers to a set of ideas related to the balance of trade between states (increase your exports and limit your imports).

Opposition to state interference in international trade was consistent with the ____________ views on the domestic economy.

For many Marxists, this process is not just morally repugnant: it also promises to bring an end to ________________________, at the point when “entrepreneurs” run out of sources of cheap labor.

Argued for extensive state intervention in the economy. Believed that Government should spend more and tax less during a recession. Believed Government should spend less and tax more during economic expansion.

Poorer, underdeveloped countries (the Third World). Less Developed Countries (LDCs); Rich countries (First World).

A set of policies, pursued by most developing countries from the 1930s through the 1980s, to reduce imports and encourage domestic manufacturing, often through trade barriers, subsidies to manufacturing, and state ownership of basic industries.

Stabilized the relative values of international currencies, using the US dollar as its focal point. It also created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.

A process in which countries in a region come together for mutually beneficial purposes and has become increasingly common in recent years.