is a painful condition that arise because of viral infection caused by Varicella zoster virus

The first step leading to pain is the activation of _____

External stimuli are converted to electrical signals that can be perceived as pain

Message is carried from the site of tissue injury to the brain regions underlying perception (afferent neurons)

Pain reaches the brain through ascending fiber tracts.

The spinothalamic tract is divided into two ascending  pathways:

the pain signal carried is sharp and localized pain

when neurons carries electrical messages wherein it originates from aching or dull or non-localized pain

The body alters a pain signal as it is transmitted along the pain pathway and explains, at least in part, why individual responses to the same painful stimulus sometimes differ. can either inhibit or facilitate pain

endogenous opioids (endorphins, dynorphins and enkephalins)

Corticosteroids- Lipocortins

is an inhibitor of phospholipase a-2 wherein it converts phospholipid through arachidonic acid.

Pain becomes more than a pattern of nociceptive action potentials when they reach the brain. Action potentials ascending the spinothalamic tract are decoded by the thalamus & sensorimotor cortex to be perceived as an unpleasant sensation that can be localized to a specific region of the body.

Short-term pain or pain with an easily identifiable cause.

Is the body's warning of present damage to tissue or disease

Often fast and sharp followed by aching pain.

typically comes on suddenly and has a limited duration.

. It's frequently caused by damage to tissue such as bone, muscle, or organs, and the onset is often accompanied by anxiety or emotional distress

Pain that last much longer than pain normally would with a particular injury

can be the result of damaged tissue, but very often is attributable to nerve damage

Can be constant or intermittent and is generally harder to treat

can be the result of damaged tissue, but very often is attributable to nerve damage

Flares of pain/ severe pain that occur even when pain medication is being used regularly.

“Tissue Damage”

caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond only to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity

Caused by activity in neural pathways in response to potentially tissue-damaging stimuli

Visceral pain

Deep somatic pain

Post operative pain and arthritis

caused by damage or disease affecting any part of the nervous system initiated or caused by primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system

caused by damage or disease affecting any part of the nervous system initiated or caused by primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system

Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.

Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.

Extreme pain

State of an exaggerated or prolonged perception of pain produced by a noxious stimulus.

a burning or prickling sensation, most common when there is sustained pressure on a nerve

'pins and needles

Stabbing, burning, and often severe pain due to an irritated or damaged nerves.

most common complication of shingles

. The condition affects nerve fibers and skin, causing burning pain that lasts long after the rash and blisters of shingles disappear.

complication associated with Diabetes characterized by slowly progressive toe and distal foot numbness, allodynia and paresthesia

a pain due to damage in the trigeminal nerve (nerve that carries sensation from face to brain) severe, shooting or jabbing pain that may feel like an electric shock in the facial muscle.

neuropathic pain condition characterized by pain and sensory abnormalities that manifest in the body parts that correspond to the area of the brain that has been injured by the cerebrovascular lesion

– pain that feels like it’s coming from a body part that’s no longer there (amputation)

–physical pain caused by mental and emotional factors (broken heart, grief)

Otherwise known psychological or emotional pain

severe pain (cancer)

– caused by intense or damaging stimuli

goal is to improve patient comfort and quality of life

goal is to improve patient comfort and quality of life

Analgesics are agents that relieve pain by elevating the pain threshold without disturbing consciousness or altering sensory modalities. They only decrease the pain and alter or to disturb the consciousness or altering sensory modalities

goal is to improve patient comfort and quality of life

Narcotics Those drugs which possess both an analgesic and sedative properties. refer to a variety of substances with abuse or addictive potential

disease causing microorganism

is a enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin

Include over-the-counter pain relievers and fever depressants

Physician who will prescribed should have a S2 license

fever causing component of microorganism

The hypothalamus can increase or regulate body temperature as response to prostaglandin. it can make your body heat up causing fever

Heat

Heat

Pain

Redness

consititutive (type of COX enzyme that is very useful in the body)

Can increase mucosal barrier in the stomach

Can also increase the functioning the kidney

Enhances the renal blood flow

Initiate inflammation, fever, edema, pain

N-acetyl-p-aminophenol

inhibits peripheral PG synthesis

Also known as Paracetamol

Acetaminophen produces a metabolite known as _____ that can damage the liver because this decreases the glutathione in the liver

TREATMENT OF HEPATOTOXICITY CAUSED BY NAPQI

Carboxylic acid containing drug

Acetylsalicylic acid

Mechanism of action: Blocks COX irreversibly

With anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-platelet effect

hyperpyrexia & Dull pain (Headache arthritis, dysmennorhea)

- Anti-inflammatory: Rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis (first-line drugs)

Antiplatelet: prevention of thromboembolism, stroke, myocardial infarction

It can prevent blood clot

Anti-cancer (for colon cancer= can decrease polyps in the colon)

can cause Reye's syndrome

Tx for overdose of salicylate drugs

Reye’s syndrome is associated with aspirin consumption by children with viral illness. Manifested by Hepatic failure & encephalopathy

Common manifestation of Salicylism is tinnitus

less effective analgesics than aspirin Do not inhibit platelet aggregation

Diflunisal

Can decrease GI upset nagccause ng Diclofenac pero it can result to diarrhea

Capable to reduce gastric ulceration caused by diclofenac however, nagccause namna siya ng risk sa renal damage

Sulfoxide- prodrug

Sulfoxide- prodrug

It is reversibly metabolized to the active sulfide metabolite

It is reversibly metabolized to the active sulfide metabolite

mainly as an analgesic, not as an anti-inflammatory drug

mainly as an analgesic, not as an antiinflammatory drug

Replace morphine in some situations involving mild to moderate postsurgical pain

Replace morphine in some situations involving mild to moderate postsurgical pain

Use: mgt. of post surgical pain (SHOULD NOT BE USE NMT 5 days it can cause nephrotoxicity

Use: mgt. of post surgical pain (SHOULD NOT BE USE NMT 5 days it can cause nephrotoxicity

Racemic acetic acid derivative

Racemic acetic acid derivative

Induce uric acid stone formation

Induce uric acid stone formation

effective in closing patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

2400 mg ibuprofen is equivalent to 5 g of aspirin in anti-inflammatory effect

Used in primary knee osteoarthritis.

ibuprofen

only NSAID presently marketed as a single enantiomer

Effective for the usual rheumatologic indications

Associated with pseudoporphyria and photosensitivity

Naproxen

Diclofenac

derived from salicylic acid but it is not metabolized by salicylic acid of salicylate

derived from salicylic acid but it is not metabolized by salicylic acid of salicylate