Worksheetsfinal
Total questions: 75
Worksheet time: 38mins
The sponsoring of scholarship by Turkic dynasties, such as the Timurids, best shows that, in the period circa 1200–1450, scholarly activities in the Muslim world continued despite the
conquest of Baghdad by the European Crusaders
expansion of the Song dynasty into Muslim Central Asia
Byzantine reconquest of Palestine and Lebanon
fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate
Muslim scholars’ incorporation of cultural and intellectual influences from pre-Islamic societies can best be used as evidence that
most educated Muslims continued to speak European languages well into the fifteenth century
European merchants had established trade outposts throughout Muslim Central Asia
Muslim scientists rejected the contributions of scientists from other cultures as heretical
Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia
Muslim scientists in the period before 1450 c.e. generally participated in intellectual and scholarly exchanges with neighboring cultures by
being the recipients of funding from foreign rulers
serving strictly as copyists of earlier works that otherwise would have been lost
expanding upon the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research
learning from the superior scientific knowledge of medieval western European scientists
The act of the countess of Béarn in the image is most closely identified with which of the following political systems?
Manorialism
Serfdom
Monasticism
Feudalism
The image most directly illustrates which of the following features of the political development of medieval Europe?
Its bureaucratization, as European rulers developed sophisticated systems of record keeping to strengthen their authority.
Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates.
Its reliance on Roman traditions, as European rulers used ancient customs to demonstrate their legitimacy.
Its ethnic and cultural diversity, as European rulers granted ethnic and religious groups the right to use their own laws and traditions.
In Europe, political relationships of the type depicted in the image emerged most directly on account of which of the following developments?
Local elites’ need for military protection from more powerful lords
Local elites’ desire to expand the commercial power of local towns
Local elites’ need for military assistance to eliminate religious heresies
Local elites’ desire to attract new settlers to their territories
Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph?
Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River.
Wild animals destroyed Madurai’s Hindu temple.
The Kaveri River flooded and destroyed the city of Madurai.
The city of Madurai’s Hindu temple was renowned for its beauty.
A historian would most likely cite which of the following claims made in the second paragraph to demonstrate that Hindu teachings influenced the development of South Asian societies?
There is no agriculture left because Indra now supports the Muslims.
The absence of dharma has caused nobleness and character to disappear.
The Hindu citizens of Madurai are perturbed by hearing parrots speaking Persian.
The Hindu citizens of Madurai protect the owls in their gardens because they are considered to be sacred birds.
Which of the following is a claim made by the petitioner in the third paragraph?
The gods will directly accompany the king in his conquest of the Madurai Sultanate.
The king has the support of the gods in his efforts to drive Muslims out of Madurai.
A prophecy has shown that the king will conquer the Madurai Sultanate.
The king should establish victory pillars after his conquest.
The Ottoman Empire’s recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450–1750 ?
The collection of tribute
Establishment of religious uniformity
Abolition of feudal privileges
The granting of autonomy to minority groups
The recruitment depicted in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 ?
Attempts by imperial states to expand their economic power
Attempts by imperial states to prevent religious conflict
Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority
Attempts by imperial states to control population growth
The inclusion of the image in the manuscript best illustrates which of the following features of the period 1450–1750 ?
Rulers using art as a way to communicate with their illiterate subjects
Rulers using art to expand their territories
Rulers using art as a way to increase literacy
Rulers using art to legitimize their rule
A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to
promote religious war against fellow Christians
encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence
demonstrate that an individual’s destiny was predetermined by God
reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings
A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church
had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land
had become corrupted by power
had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism
had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity
A historian interpreting the passage would most likely explain that the audience of the sermon is an illustration of the fact that
papal alliances with the Holy Roman emperors led to widespread religious persecutions in Germany
the Protestant German nobility was wary of confronting the Ottomans without Catholic support
political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community
the Protestant German nobility adopted pacifist attitudes during religious disputes with their Catholic and Muslim opponents
Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image?
States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires.
The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively.
The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before.
States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.
The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT
the Safavid Empire
the Qing (Manchu) Empire
the Aztec (Mexica) Empire
the Ottoman Empire
Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450–1750 ?
It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states’ military capabilities grew.
It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations.
It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire.
It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.
The example of an ancient Arabian state that traded extensively and controlled territories on the East African coast can best be used as evidence of
the contributions of East Africa to the development of Eurasian religions
the long-term continuities in state building in coastal East Africa
the importance of the East African coast in the development of African national identities
the technological and logistical challenges faced by Eurasian merchants trying to reach the East African coast
The interregional connections of states such as those on the East African coast can best be used as an illustration of the continued importance of which of the following?
International diplomacy
Polytheistic religions
Long-distance trade
Patriarchal gender norms
The coexistence of rulers and councils of elders in African states in the period circa 1200–1450 best demonstrates
an attempt to imitate the feudal governments of European states and East Asian empires
the influence of indigenous African political practices
an adaptation to the climatic conditions of the East African coast
a reflection of the hardships and uncertainties faced by Muslim seaborne traders
Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the author’s arguments about the quality of the highways described in the passage?
They were built by men with tools.
They were very broad, and some extended across the entire kingdom.
There were many roads throughout the kingdom.
Their construction was supervised by government officials.
Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author most directly use to support his argument about the king of Spain following the Inca method of highway construction?
The Inca rulers constructed roads to help complete conquests.
The Inca rulers only had to command their officials to construct a highway, and it was completed quickly.
The Inca rulers clearly marked their kingdom with boundaries.
The Inca rulers could acquire specialized tools to cut through mountains.
Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his argument about the pride of Inca rulers in the second paragraph?
Inca rulers followed the method of dynastic succession for passing political authority from one ruler to another.
Inca rulers performed religious ceremonies to bless the highways and those who traveled on them.
Inca rulers had officials assign men from the provinces to construct the highways.
Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests.
The conduct of the siege as described in the passage could best be used to explain which of the following processes in the period 1450–1750 ?
The transmission of new weapons along trade networks
The use of new weapons by expanding imperial states
The use of new weapons to establish trading-post empires
The development of new processes of manufacturing to create new weapons
The type of warfare described in the passage most directly helps to explain which of the following sixteenth-century developments?
The growing political influence of religious scholars at the Ottoman court
The granting of substantial religious and legal autonomy to Christian subjects in the Ottoman Empire
The intensification of political rivalries between the Ottoman Empire and neighboring states in Europe and the Middle East
The decline of the importance of the Janissaries in the Ottoman army
The type of weaponry used in the siege, as described in the passage, could also help to explain the expansion of all of the following states in the period 1450–1750 EXCEPT the
Aztec (Mexica) Empire
Safavid Empire
Mughal Empire
Qing dynasty
The relationship between levels of military personnel and state revenues as shown in the table is best understood in the context of which of the following global developments in the period 1450–1750 ?
As military forces expanded and became more professionalized, states were forced to develop new ways to generate revenue.
As agricultural technology became more advanced, less people were needed to farm and more people were able to be enrolled in state militaries.
As commercial profits and urbanization increased, states were able to obtain more revenue.
As states expanded their territories, they were able to acquire access to more natural resources.
The trends in military personnel and state revenue shown in the table are best understood in the context of which of the following changes in the relationship between states and local elites in the period 1450–1750 ?
States often relied on local elites to supervise provincial administration.
Local elites began looking to the state to provide titles that demonstrated their legitimacy.
States increasingly centralized their authority at the expense of local elites.
Local elites began to command their own military forces.
Which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 is best understood as a response to the trends shown in the table?
The creation of divine-right theories of monarchy
The creation of larger state bureaucracies
The emergence of tribute collection as a form of taxation
The emergence of banking systems
A historian would most likely interpret the rhetoric in the passage as evidence that rulers of imperial states in the period circa 1450–1750 continued to
use religious ideas to highlight their political legitimacy and attack the legitimacy of their enemies
prefer to resolve interstate conflicts through warfare rather than through diplomatic means
patronize religious establishments and preside over religious ceremonies
seek to unite forces to prevent the spread of secular ideas
Based on the purpose of the letter, Selim’s description of the followers of Shah Ismail I as a “heretical faction” can best be interpreted as a commentary of the Safavid Empire’s
military strength
adherence to Shi‘a Islam
Turkic origins
use of the Persian language
Which of the following aspects of the international situation in early sixteenth-century southwest Asia is most relevant to understanding Sultan Selim’s letter?
The Ottoman and Safavid empires fought numerous wars for control over Iraq, Syria, and other regions of the Middle East.
Both the Ottoman and Safavid empires developed extensive trade connections with European states and states in the Indian Ocean region.
Both the Ottoman and Safavid empires made use of gunpowder weapons in the course of their territorial expansion.
The Ottoman and Safavid empires brought a high degree of centralization to parts of southwest Asia that had been politically fragmented before.
The purpose of Ibn Battuta’s account was most likely to
glorify himself by exaggerating the influence he had obtained over local rulers in Southeast Asia
warn Muslim merchants that China was beginning to dominate commerce in the Indian Ocean
encourage fellow Muslims in North Africa to participate more in maritime commerce
inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited
Based on Ibn Battuta’s description of the sultan of Sumatra in the first paragraph, his point of view could most likely be characterized as that of a
Sunni Muslim merchant who believes that commercial profits should be given greater consideration than religious purity
Sufi Muslim mystic who believes that Muslim rulers should encourage religious coexistence
Shi'a Muslim cleric who believes that false interpretations of Islam have corrupted the religion
Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam
Ibn Battuta’s claim in the second paragraph that the ceremony that he observed at the court of the sultan of Sumatra was similar to a ceremony that he had seen at the court of the Delhi sultan in India is most likely understood in the context of which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1200–1450 ?
Expanding trade facilitated increased tolerance of the traditions of other religious groups.
Cultural exchange emerged from competition among maritime empires.
Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions.
Cultural exchange emerged from new patterns of regional commerce.
Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how the spread of rice cultivation contributed to changing the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and the Middle East between 1200 and 1300 ?
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in China and the Middle East but rose in India.
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined more substantially in India than it did in the Middle East and China.
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions.
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased in every region except China.
Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how an emphasis on wheat cultivation in Europe affected the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops there compared with the rice-producing regions of China and India between 1200 and 1300 ?
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe increased at the same rate that the total amount of land devoted to agricultural crops in China and India declined.
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and Europe remained relatively stable.
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions.
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased considerably in Europe and declined in China and India.
Which of the following best describes how the table illustrates the effect of the spread of the bubonic plague on the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe and the Middle East between 1300 and 1400 ?
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops did not change significantly in either region.
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops decreased more substantially in the Middle East than in Europe.
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined substantially in Europe and slightly in the Middle East.
The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased slightly in the Middle East and in Europe.
The first paragraph most directly illustrates how increasing regional interactions led to which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200–1450?
The establishment of diasporic merchant communities
The establishment of new trading cities
The introduction of new cultural traditions
The emergence of syncretic belief systems
Voyages such as those referred to in the third paragraph were most directly facilitated by which of the following?
A decrease in pirate activity following Zheng He’s naval expeditions
Merchants’ understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds
An increase in the use of new forms of credit, such as paper money
Technological transfers from Europe, such as the compass
The third paragraph most directly illustrates the ways in which rulers in the Indian Ocean in the period before 1450
used their military power to monopolize the trade in luxury goods
attempted to incorporate new territories and peoples into their commercial empires
sought to spread religious traditions by patronizing merchant communities
used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development
Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200–1450 ?
The networks became more dangerous because of religious conflict between Christian and Muslim states.
The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices.
The networks were increasingly disrupted because of the growing importance of maritime commerce.
The value of merchandise along the networks increased because of demand for silver and bronze from Muslim states in North Africa and the Middle East.
Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200–1450 ?
Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.
The introduction of new commercial technologies, such as the compass, made it easier for merchants to find their destinations in the desert.
The expansion of banking houses made it easier for merchants to fund their commercial activities.
Increasing literacy rates allowed merchants to develop more complex business partnerships.
Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks?
It led to an increase in trade by imposing the merchant-friendly religion of Islam on its subjects.
It expanded commerce by establishing maritime as well as overland connections with the Swahili states of East Africa.
It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.
It expanded commercial activity by promoting scientific and cultural exchange.
The disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate most directly led to which of the following political developments in the Islamic world in the thirteenth century?
The Russian conquest of Central Asia
The rise of Turkic states
The conversion of most of the Islamic world to Shi‘a Islam
The collapse of trade along the Silk Road networks
Despite the disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate, Islam continued to spread across Afro-Eurasia in the period 1200–1450 primarily because of which of the following?
The conquest of the Christian Crusader States in the Levant
The activities of Sufi missionaries
The voyages of the Muslim eunuch Zheng He
The translation activities of Muslim scholars
The combination between religious and political aspects in the Abbasid state’s concept of governance is best reflected in which of the following?
The Abbasid state had an influential Sunni religious class that often came into conflict with the state.
The Abbasid state often allowed local rulers considerable autonomy.
The Abbasid state patronized the construction of religious buildings such as mosques.
The Abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was both the state’s supreme religious and political leader.
Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph of the inscription?
King Adityawarman was a bodhisattva.
King Adityawarman was a Buddhist teacher.
Statues of Buddhist divine figures could spiritually benefit everyone.
Statues of Buddhist teachers were revered by rulers and common people.
The claim in the second paragraph that the king has become “free from all physical desire” can best be understood to mean that
Southeast Asian states’ ruling elites were very wealthy.
in Vedic religions, rejecting worldly concerns in order to attain spiritual perfection was considered a virtue.
Buddhist monks and nuns in Southeast Asian societies were required to maintain an ascetic lifestyle.
Hindus believed that members of each caste had different rights and responsibilities.
Which of the following is an argument in the second paragraph of the inscription regarding King Adityawarman?
His spiritual attributes and worldly achievements made him a powerful and legitimate ruler.
His attention to the welfare of all of his subjects made him a caring and legitimate ruler.
His conquest of all of the surrounding kingdoms in Indonesia made him a legitimate ruler.
His knowledge of science and ships in an island kingdom made him an effective and legitimate ruler.
Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the author’s conclusion about the importance of exotic goods to the Maya region’s economy?
Exotic goods were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands.
Exotic goods were traded between the Maya city-states and neighboring states.
The exchange of exotic goods went hand in hand with the exchange of information.
The Maya region depended on the trade in exotic goods because of relatively low levels of agricultural production.
The author directly uses all of the following pieces of evidence to support his argument about the relationship between exotic goods and the power of Maya rulers EXCEPT that Maya rulers
used exotic goods to carry out rituals that their subjects expected them to perform
prohibited nobles and priests from wearing certain types of exotic goods reserved for rulers
used exotic goods in royal coronations
received exotic goods as tribute payments from vassals
Which of the following does the author cite most directly to support his argument in the third paragraph about the importance of exotic goods in the Maya region?
The existence of sophisticated astronomical tables
The emergence of a unified Maya kingdom based on new political models
The emergence of new systems of writing based on earlier Mesoamerican systems
The existence of unified patterns of behavior in warfare, science, and religion
Which of the following was a continuity in the development of African states in the period circa 1200–1450 ?
African states such as Ethiopia maintained close contacts with South and East Asian states across the Indian Ocean but rarely had contacts with Europe.
Despite geographical barriers, some African states were able to maintain diplomatic and cultural contacts with the broader Afro-Eurasian world.
Most African states rejected traditional forms of international diplomacy, such as dynastic marriages and tribute payments.
African states needed to maintain friendly diplomatic relations with Europe in order to expand their empires.
Which of the following continuities in the development of African states in the period circa 1200–1450 most likely explains the prevalence of Christianity in Ethiopia?
Some African states’ religious traditions continued to be influenced by cultural transfers dating back to earlier centuries.
Some African states were famous for their religious toleration and for allowing multiple religious traditions to coexist in their territories.
African states’ official religions were typically syncretic mixtures of several different religious traditions.
While African populations mostly continued to adhere to indigenous polytheistic religions, African political elites often adopted monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam.
Which of the following was a key similarity in the policies of the rulers of African states such as Ethiopia in the period circa 1200–1450 ?
They granted their subjects unrestricted freedom of speech.
They used religion and laws to bolster their legitimacy.
They faced challenges to their power from powerful merchant elites.
They sought to achieve economic self-sufficiency by restricting trade contacts with other societies.
The terminology used in the opening sentence of the decree was most directly influenced by which of the following?
The notion that the Pope is the supreme leader of the Church
The medieval rules of chivalry and courtly etiquette
The deep influence of Christianity on medieval society and culture
The slow and uncertain nature of communications in medieval Europe
The process of “consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm” in the making of Edward III’s decree best reflects which of the following?
The emergence of the concept that parliaments, rather than kings, had ultimate political authority in European states
The fragmented, decentralized nature of European feudal monarchies
The legacy of Roman imperial political traditions on medieval European states
European rulers’ practice of making harsh legislation more palatable by claiming it was part of God’s will
The need for legal action to address the “grave inconveniences” that might result from the labor shortages described in the passage most likely resulted from
the agrarian nature of medieval European economies and their reliance on coerced labor
the inability of members of the nobility and other feudal lords to take direct legal action against their workers and serfs
the high social rank and economic standing of plowmen in medieval English society
the presence of guild regulations prohibiting agricultural laborers from working more than a certain number of hours each week
Which of the following demonstrates the assimilation of nomadic conquerors into conquered societies during the period circa 1250–1450 ?
The rulers of the Mali Empire converting to Islam through the influence of North African merchants and missionaries
The rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopting Chinese court culture and methods of rule
Trading states in Southeast Asia such as the Khmer and Srivijaya empires adopting syncretic Hindu-Buddhist practices
Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans expanding their output because of a rising demand for luxury goods in Afro-Eurasia
Which of the following developments in the period circa 1250–1450 represents a situation that did not lead to conquerors assimilating into the cultures of the conquered societies?
Invading armies establishing and maintaining a separate community, as illustrated by the European crusader kingdoms in the Middle East
Merchants establishing diasporic communities and introducing their own traditions into the indigenous cultures, as illustrated by South Asian Muslim merchants spreading Islam to the islands of Southeast Asia
Settled societies successfully resisting nomadic encroachments, as illustrated by the Mamluks of Egypt defeating the Mongols or Muscovy expelling the Golden Horde from Russia
Conquering states fragmenting into several units because of political and social friction, as illustrated by the breakup of the Mongol Empire into individual khanates
The Mongol conquests resulted in all of the following developments EXCEPT
a revival of trade on the overland Silk Roads
transfers of scientific and technological knowledge
the initial diffusion of Buddhism and Christianity to East Asia
the spread of pathogens across Eurasia, including the bubonic plague
The “long stays in harbors” mentioned in the description of the sea journeys in the first paragraph were most likely necessary because Indian Ocean maritime trade in the period circa 1200–1450
increased significantly in volume, creating bottlenecks in key ports
required the approval of Muslim religious authorities to make sure it was carried out in accordance with Islamic principles
had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons
could only be carried out if ships stayed close to shore through the entire journey from Egypt to India
Based on the pattern of trade described in the third paragraph, the Egyptian karim merchants were most likely directly involved in which of the following broader developments in the Indian Ocean in the period circa 1200–1450 ?
The establishment of diasporic merchant communities
The transfer of European scientific knowledge to South Asia
The creation of new monotheistic religions
The introduction of new financial innovations such as paper money
The pattern of trade described in the passage was most characteristic of which of the following types of goods in the period 1200–1450 ?
Daily food staples such as bread or milk
Bulk commodities such as grain or coal
Luxury goods such as spices or porcelain
Livestock such as pigs or cattle
The integration of West African states into wider regional and transregional economic networks in the period circa 1200–1450 was carried out mostly via the
Swahili coast trade routes
Silk Road trade networks
trans-Saharan trade routes
Indian Ocean trade routes
The spread of Islam into sub-Saharan West Africa in the period circa 1200–1450 was mostly a result of the conversion of the rulers of which of the following states?
Mamluk Egypt
The Mongol khanates
The Ming dynasty
The Mali Empire
In the period circa 1200–1450, which of the following most directly enabled merchants to bring salt and other bulk products to markets in sub-Saharan Africa?
The diffusion of new maritime technologies such as the lateen sail
The adoption of innovative practices in overland trading, such as the use of camel caravans and saddles
The transfer of East Asian technologies to western Afro-Eurasia during the period of Pax Mongolica
The shared use of the Arabic language and common practice of Islam by both North African and sub-Saharan merchant communities
Which of the following best describes the author’s purpose in the passage?
To provide detailed descriptions of the instruments used at the Maragha and Tabriz observatories
To evaluate the importance of the astronomical discoveries made by Ilkhanid scientists
To portray his patron as a generous supporter of the sciences and a man of unusual intelligence
To criticize Ghazan for his vanity and remind him to focus on religious and spiritual pursuits
Which of the following best describes the historical situation in Eurasia at the time the passage was written?
Frequent warfare limited the opportunities for cultural, scientific, and artistic innovation.
Political upheaval and reorganization increased cultural and scientific exchanges across regions.
Revived long-distance trade spread pathogens and infections to regions that had not been previously affected by them.
The invention and spread of new weapons and military tactics radically transformed the global balance of power.
Which of the following best describes the historical circumstances of Rashid al-Din’s career?
His career illustrates the destructive impact of the Mongol conquests on many established urban centers.
His career illustrates the possibilities for diffusion and intermingling of cultures brought about by the Mongol conquests.
His career illustrates the Mongols’ success in preserving their nomadic and tribal culture despite the growing diversity of their subjects.
His career illustrates the importance of traveler accounts written by foreign visitors to the Mongol court.
Based on the information in the table, the Black Death outbreak of the bubonic plague struck Essex County in which of the following periods?
Before 1320
Between 1320 and 1350
Between 1350 and 1400
After 1400
A comparison between the data for the three manors shown in the table best illustrates which of the following about the bubonic plague?
It was equally devastating across all areas of western Europe.
It had virtually no effect on the populations of some regions of England.
In some but not all areas, the population was beginning to recover by 1400.
In most areas, the population reverted to pre-1320 levels by 1400.
Which of the following best describes the change in the total population of males age 12 and older in the three manors shown in the table from 1320 to 1400 ?
It declined to less than a quarter of its 1320 level (over 75% decline).
It increased to more than double its 1320 level (over 50% increase).
It declined to less than a half of its 1320 level (over 50% decline).
It stayed virtually unchanged compared to its 1320 level.
