The critical factors in flow instrumentation selection and application are: the type of fluid, Reynolds number, flow irregularities and ___.

Flow is the ___ of fluid in a system.

__ are liquids whose viscosity won't change as long as it is held at a constant temperature, regardless of the size of the shear force.

Time-independent non-Newtonian fluids that don't vary with time. The viscosity vary with increases or decreases in shear stress.

It is commonly perceived as thickness or resistance to pouring.

Dynamic viscosity or ___ viscosity is measure of the resistance to a fluid to deformation, or resistance of flow.

Kinematic viscosity is the dynamic viscosity of a fluid divided by the ___ of the fluid.

__ is a quantity that used to predict fluid flow patterns in different situations.

__ occur at high Reynolds number greater than 4000, where inertial forces are dominant.

__ states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure decreases.

__ states that if the overall flow rate in a system is not changing with time, then the flow rate in any part of the system is constant.

When flowing through a pipe the __ causes the pressure energy of the fluid to fall and the internal energy of the fluid to increase.

It is the measure of the volume of fluid through a given point in a system per unit of time.

A type of flow meter that directly measures the flow rate by dividing the fluid into discrete volumetric units and counting them.

A type of flow meter that measures fluid flow rate by using a rotor with turbine blades.

A type of flow meter that measures the flow rate of fluid by utilizing a tapered tube with a float of piston inside.

A flowmeter which are widely used for measuring the flow rate of conductive fluids.

__ states that a voltage is induced in a conductor when it moves through a magnetic field.

A flowmeter which are widely used for measuring the flow rate of fluids. They operate based on the principle where vortices are formed downstream of an obstruction in a fluid flow.

A flowmeter which are widely used for measuring the flow rate of liquids and gases.

A type of flow measurement device used to measure the flow rate of fluids in a pipeline. It consists of a flat pipe with a hole in the center which creates a pressure drop.

The most common type of orifice plate, where the orifice is centrally located in the plate.

This type of orifice plate has a rounded orifice edge, which minimizes the effects of fluid turbulence and provides more stable flow measurements..

A type of flow measurement device used to measure the flow rate of fluids in a pipeline. It consists of a tapered tube with a constriction in the middle, which creates a pressure difference across the tube.

It is designed to be inserted into an existing pipe. It consists of a short section of the venturi tube installed between flanges in the pipeline.

It is a flow tube consisting of a smooth convergent section leading to a cylindrical throat area.

It is a shortened version of venturi tube with lower pressure drop than orifice.

It is an instrument for measuring a flowing fluid's velocity. This is used in anemometers to calculate airspeed in wind tunnels and aircraft in flight.

A device used to measure the flow of a liquid, gas or vapor that flows through a pipeline. It allows flow measurement by creating differential pressure that is proportional to the square of the fluid velocity in the pipeline.

The __ of liquid flowing over a period of time and is measured in gallons, liters, and so fort.

This flowmeter operate by having a disc mounted to a central ball. When fluid enters the chamber, it causes the disc to wobble, transferring the displaced volume to the register.

A type of positive displacement meter in which the fluid passed through a rotating set of vanes.

Calculates flow by computing the speed in one or several points in the flow and assimilating the flow speed over the total flow area.

An instrument used to measure the speed or velocity of air (gases) either in a contained flow, such as airflow in a duct, or in unconfined flows, such as atmospheric wind.

With this type of anemometer, the axis of rotation must be parallel to the direction of the wind and therefore typically horizontal.

Calculates flow by computing the speed in one or several points in the flow and assimilating the flow speed over the total flow area.

They are holes bored through the flanges, located one inch upstream and one inch downstream from the respective faces of the orifice plate.

They are located one pipe inner diameter upstream and at the point of minimum pressure, usually one half pipe inner diameter downstream.

Particulate or suspended solids can damage the flow sensor by the high velocities wearing at the flow sensor surfaces. The error in flow measurement will increase as the flow increases.

Referred to as the instrument will produce the output or measure value when the level reaches a certain level within the equipment.

Refers to the measurement in which media is present in the equipment from the ground level to the peak level. It can be used for liquid or solids.

The main purpose of the level measurement is to measure the__ in order to keep track of materials in terms of volume or weight.

A very simple means by which liquid level is measured in a vessel. A transparent tube is attached to the bottom and top of the tank that is monitored.

Gauge glass made from tubular glass or plastic are used for service up to 450 psig and ___.

This type of float gauge has a float ranging in size up to 12 inches in diameter and is used where small level limitations imposed by ball floats must be exceeded.

It was developed to overcome the problems of cages and stuffing boxes.

It consists of one or more level detectors, an operating relay, and a controller. When the liquid makes contact with any of the electrodes, an electric current will flow between the electrode and ground.

It is used for measuring the depth of a liquid; especially, a thin metal rod used to measure the oil level in the crankcase of an automotive engine.

It gives a direct readout of liquid level when they are connected to an indicating instrument through a mechanical linkage.

This method requires a DP transmitter and a port; these two parts are connected to the external tank at opposite ends.

As the level of the tank gets increased the pressure transmitter tapping taken at the bottom of the tank also gets increased. This pressure difference is used to scale the level of the tank.

The differential pressure transmitter, enables an automatic subtraction of the pressure on the LP side, from the total pressure appearing at the HP side. With this arrangement, each increment of pressure above the liquid surface is applied to both capsule assemblies of the transmitter, and since they are in opposition, the increment is cancelled.

With the supply air blocked, the water level in the tube will be equal to that in the tank. When the air pressure from the regulator is increased until the water in the tube is displaced by air, the air pressure on the tube is equal to the hydrostatic head of the liquid in the tube.

It is a proved, as well as cost-effective solution for level measurement in liquids and bulk solids. This measuring principle is characterized by easy planning and assembly, fast and safe commissioning, a long service life and reduced maintenance costs.

Once the liquid reaches the fill limit determined from the installation height of the electrode, the liquid medium closes the DC free alternating current circuit between the two electrodes (or between the container wall and an electrode).

__ level sensors are used for wide variety of solids, aqueous and organic liquids, and slurries.

RADIATION BASEDLEVEL SENSOR - has a radioactive source as a transmitter and is paired with a detector at the opposite outside of the tank. To determine the level of material, the detector looks for a ‘___’ that is consistent with the organic material within the tank.

An electrical pulse is launched and guided down the probe rope, which acts as a surface wave transmission line.

It uses a metal tuning fork structure to detect the presence of a liquid or solid (powder or granules) in a vessel.