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Fundamental of Statistics: Final Exam

Total questions: 75

Worksheet time: 2hrs 25mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

How do descriptive and inferential statistics differ?

a)

Descriptive statistics are more computationally sophisticated than inferential statistics.

b)

Inferential statistics are more computationally sophisticated than descriptive statistics

c)

Descriptive statistics only attempt to describe data, while inferential statistics attempt to make predictions based on data.

d)

Inferential statistics only attempt to describe data, while descriptive statistics attempt to make predictions based on data.

2.

What are two examples of inferential statistics?

a)

Range and percentiles

b)

Estimation and hypothesis testing.

c)

Mean and probability distributions.

d)

Variance and correlation.

3.

Which of the following describes null hypothesis?

a)

The independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable for the population

b)

The dependent variable has no effect on the independent variable

c)

The independent variable does have an effect on the dependent variable

d)

The dependent variable does have effect on the independent variable

4.

Define a Type I error?

a)

The failure to reject a false null hypothesis

b)

Rejecting a true null hypothesis

c)

The acceptance to reject a null hypothesis

d)

Accepting a true null hypothesis

5.

Identify the correct null hypothesis:


Is the proportion of babies born male different from 50%? In a sample of 200 babies, 96 were male. Test the claim using a level of significance of 1%.

a)

H0: p = 0.50

b)

H0: p = 0.48

c)

H0: µ = 100

d)

H0: µ = 96

6.

Which of the following shows a right-tailed test?

a)

Ha: µ < 15

b)

Ha: µ > 15

c)

H0: µ > 15

d)

H0: µ < 15

7.

Suppose the P-value for a hypothesis test is 0.0304. Using a = 0.05, what is the appropriate conclusion?

a)

Reject the null hypothesis

b)

Fail to reject the null hypothesis

c)

Reject the alternative hypothesis

d)

Fail to reject the alternative hypothesis

8.

When p-value is greater than alpha we:

a)

Reject Ho

b)

Fail to reject Ho

c)

Fail to reject Ha

d)

Reject Ha

9.

Which of the following best describes a Type I error?

a)

The null is true, but we mistakenly reject it.

b)

The null is false and we reject it.

c)

The null is false, but we fail to reject it.

d)

The null is true but we fail to reject it.

e)

The null is true, and we fail to reject it.

10.

This occurs when a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others.

a)

sampling error

b)

sampling bias

c)

random sampling

d)

clustered sampling

11.

A p-value indicates:

a)

the probability that the null hypothesis is true

b)

the probability that the alternative hypothesis is true

c)

the probability of obtaining the result (or one more extreme) if the null hypothesis is true

d)

probability of a Type I error

12.

When performing a test about the population proportion where n⋅p⋅q≥10n\cdot p\cdot q\ge10 , what distribution would you use?

a)

z

b)

t

c)

χ2

d)

ANOVA

13.

Which of the following would be assessed with a right-tailed test?

a)

Ha: µ < 15

b)

Ha: µ ≠ 15

c)

Ha: µ > 15

d)

H0: µ > 15

14.
In testing hypotheses, which of the following would be strong evidence against the null hypothesis?
a)
using a small level of significance
b)
using a large level of significance
c)
obtaining data with a small p-value
d)
obtaining data with a low test statistic
15.
A researcher was interested in stress levels of lecturers during lectures. She took the same group of 8 lecturers and measured their anxiety (out of 15) during a normal lecture and again in a lecture in which she had paid students to be disruptive and misbehave. The data were not normally distributed. Which test should she use to compare her experimental conditions? 
a)
Paired samples t-test
b)
Mann–Whitney test
c)
Wilcoxon rank-sum test
d)
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
16.
A researcher measured the same group of people’s physiological reactions while watching horror films and compared them to when watching action films, and a documentary about wildlife. The resulting data were skewed. What test should be used to analyse the data?
a)
Independent analysis of variance
b)
Friedman’s
c)
Kruskal–Wallis test
d)
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
17.
If a 99% confidence interval is constructed to estimate μ with a known σ for two tail, the correct critical values for z are
a)
1.96
b)
2.33
c)
2.58
d)
1.65
18.
Null and alternative hypotheses are statements about:
a)
population parameters.
b)
sample parameters.
c)
sample statistics.
d)
it depends - sometimes population parameters and sometimes sample statistics.
19.

What statistical tool is appropriate when the predictor is categorical and the outcome is quantitative?

a)

Spearman's r

b)

Chi-square Test

c)

Sign Test

d)

Kruskal-Wallis H Test

20.
For the application of chi-square test, the expected frequency in each cell should be
a)
At least five
b)
Four
c)
Atleast Three
d)
None of the above
21.

The purpose of this test is to evaluate the differences between two discrete dichotomous variables, where responses of two independent groups fall exclusively into one category or the other.

a)

Fisher's Exact Test for 2x2 Tables

b)

Mood's Median Test

c)

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Two-Sample Test

d)

Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U Test

22.

It examines the relationship of an independent variable to one or more dependent variables. In the end it will give a predictive model of the independent variable.

a)

Chi-square

b)

Correlation

c)

Multivariate ANOVA

d)

Regression

23.

Which among the following does not belong to the group of statistical tests.

a)

Chi-square

b)

Pearson Product Moment Correlation

c)

Mann-Whitney

d)

Spearman Rank

24.

What type of error did the 1st image committed?

a)

Type I

b)

Type II

c)

Type III

d)

Type IV

25.

If α\alpha  = 0.05 and the P-Value = 0.10. What will be the decision?

a)

Reject H0H_0  

b)

Failed to Reject H0H_0  

c)

Accept H0H_0  

d)

Accept both hypothesis

26.

Which of the following is not true about post-hoc tests?

a)

They should only be conducted when a significant result is found

b)

Typically they involve comparing the means of all combinations of pairs of groups

c)

There are multiple post-hoc tests to choose from

d)

This test should be conducted when we have previously predicted the outcome of our data

27.

The unexplained variance in a repeated measures ANOVA is:

a)

Residual variance

b)

Variance between conditions

c)

Variance within conditions

d)

Variance from the population

28.

The unexplained variance in a repeated measures ANOVA is:

a)

Residual variance

b)

Variance between conditions

c)

Variance within conditions

d)

Variance from the population

29.

Which test to use to check the normality assumption of One-way ANOVA?

a)

Bonferroni Test

b)

QQ Plot

c)

Shapiro-Wilk Test

d)

Kruskal-Wallis rank sum Test

30.

It is a statistical method of testing for significant differences between three or more groups where the same participants are used in each group (or each participant is closely matched with participants in other experimental groups).

a)

One-way repeated measures ANOVA test

b)

One-way ANOVA test

c)

Factorial ANOVA

d)

None of the above

31.

It is used to determine if the means of three or more groups are significantly different from the other.

a)

Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation

b)

Z test

c)

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

d)

Simple Linear Regression Analysis

32.

A sample mean is composed with another sample mean.

a)

One-Sample Mean Test

b)

Two-Sample Mean Test

c)

One-Tailed Test

d)

Two-Tailed Test

33.

Predicts the value of y given the value x

a)

Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation

b)

Z test

c)

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

d)

Simple Linear Regression Analysis

34.

It is used to find out where the significant difference lies.

a)

T test

b)

Z test

c)

Scheffe's Test

d)

Simple Linear Regression Analysis

35.

It is used for prediction when there is a relationship between independent variable (x) and dependent variable (y)

a)

Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation

b)

Z test

c)

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

d)

Simple Linear Regression Analysis

36.

This is used to determine if the dependent variable has a relationship with the independent variable.

a)

Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation

b)

Z test

c)

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

d)

Simple Linear Regression Analysis

37.

0.95 correlation coefficient value means

a)

slight correlation

b)

moderate correlation

c)

high correlation

d)

very high correlation

38.

0.10 correlation coefficient value means

a)

slight correlation

b)

moderate correlation

c)

high correlation

d)

very high correlation

39.
To check the normality test using Shapiro-Wilk, if the p-value is more than 0.05?
a)
The data is significant
b)
The data is not normal
c)
The data is normal
d)
Reject null hypothesis
40.
To check the normality test using Shapiro-Wilk, if the p-value is below 0.05?
a)
Accept null hypothesis
b)
Reject null hypothesis
c)
Failed to reject null hypothesis
d)
Reject alternative hypothesis
41.
Define a Type I error?
a)
The failure to reject a false null hypothesis
b)
Rejecting a true null hypothesis
c)
The acceptance to reject a null hypothesis
d)
Accepting a true null  hypothesis
42.
Define a Type I error?
a)
The failure to reject a false null hypothesis
b)
Rejecting a true null hypothesis
c)
The acceptance to reject a null hypothesis
d)
Accepting a true null  hypothesis
43.

Suppose the P-value for a hypothesis test is 0.0304. Using a = 0.05, what is the appropriate conclusion?

a)

a) Reject the null hypothesis

b)

b) Reject the alternative hypothesis

c)

c) Fail to reject the null hypothesis

d)

d) Fail to reject the alternative hypothesis

44.

When p-value is greater than alpha we:

a)

Reject Ho

b)

Fail to reject Ha

c)

Fail to reject Ho

d)

Reject Ha

45.
What is the only option for the null hypothesis? 
a)
H0 = k
b)
H0 > k
c)
H0 < k
d)
H0 ≠ k
46.
Which of the following is not an option for an alternate hypothesis? 
a)
Ha = k
b)
Ha > k
c)
Ha < k
d)
Ha ≠ k
47.
The weight of the average 6th grade student's backpack (with books in it) is 18.4 lbs. The principal of the school thinks that the backpack does not weight 18.4 lbs. What is the null and alternate hypothesis? 
a)
H0 = 18.4
Ha = 18.4
b)
H0 = 18.4
Ha > 18.4
c)
H0 = 18.4
Ha < 18.4
d)
H0 = 18.4
Ha ≠ 18.4
48.
Which of the following is the FIRST step of a hypothesis test?
a)
Check assumptions & conditions
b)
Find your test statistic
c)
State your conclusion
d)
State your null & alternative hypotheses
49.
A car manufacturer advertises that its new subcompact models get 47 mpg. If μ is the mileage of these cars, what could be the null and alternate hypothesis if we wanted to check if the car's mpg is overrated? 
a)
H0 = 47
Ha = 47
b)
H0 = 47
Ha < 47
c)
H0 = 47
Ha > 47
d)
H0 = 47
Ha ≠ 47
50.

The null and alternative hypothesis can be the same.

a)

Yes

b)

No

c)

Maybe

d)

All the above

51.
When do you use a t-value instead of a z-value? 
a)
When n < 30
b)
When n ≥ 30
c)
When all of the planets align
d)
When Ms. O said to
52.
A level of significance of 5% means:
a)
There's a 5% chance we're wrong
b)
There's a 5% chance we'll be wrong if we fail to reject the null hypothesis
c)
There's a 5% chance we'll be wrong if we reject the null hypothesis.
d)
There's a 5% chance you'll get an A on the test.
53.

A manufacturer claims that his tires last at least 40,000

miles. A test on 25 tires reveals that the mean life of a tire

is 39,750 miles, with a standard deviation of 387 miles.

Test the Manufacturer’s claim at α = .01.

a)

Reject Ho

b)

Reject Ha

c)

Fail to reject Ho

d)

Fail to reject Ha

54.

In performing a hypothesis test where the null

hypothesis is that the μ = 6.9. A random sample of 16

items is selected. The sample mean is 7.1 and the sample

standard deviation is 2.4. It can be assumed that the

population is normally distributed at α = .05.

a)

Reject Ho

b)

Reject Ha

c)

Fail to reject Ho

d)

Fail to reject Ha

55.

A fast food outlet claims that the mean waiting time in

line is less than 1.9 minutes. A random sample of 20

customers has a mean of 1.7 minutes with a standard

deviation of 0.8 minute. If α = 0.05, test the fast food

outlet's claim using P-values.

a)

Reject Ho

b)

Reject Ha

c)

Fail to reject Ho

d)

Fail to reject Ha

56.

A fast food outlet claims that the mean waiting time in

line is less than 3.5 minutes. A random sample of 20

customers has a mean of 3.7 minutes with a standard

deviation of 0.8 minute. If α = 0.05, test the fast food

outlet's claim.

a)

Reject Ho

b)

Reject Ha

c)

Fail to reject Ho

d)

Fail to reject Ha

57.

Which of these is a ONE-TAILED TEST?

a)

H1: μ<kH_1:\ \mu<k  

b)

H1: μ≠kH_1:\ \mu\ne k  

c)

H0:μ=kH_0:\mu=k  

d)

None of these

58.

Which of these is a TWO-TAILED TEST?

a)

H1: μ<kH_1:\ \mu<k  

b)

H1: μ≠kH_1:\ \mu\ne k  

c)

H0:μ=kH_0:\mu=k  

d)

None of these

59.

What is the FORMULA for the ONE SAMPLE zz  -TEST?

a)

z=x‾−μσnz=\frac{\overline{x}-\mu}{\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt[]{n}}}  

b)

t=x‾−μsnt=\frac{\overline{x}-\mu}{\frac{s}{\sqrt[]{n}}}  

c)

z=x‾1−x‾2σ12n1+σ22n2z=\frac{\overline{x}_1-\overline{x}_2}{\sqrt[]{\frac{\sigma_1^2}{n_1}+\frac{\sigma_2^2}{n_2}}}  

d)

None of these

60.

What is the FORMULA for the ONE SAMPLE tt  -TEST?

a)

z=x‾−μσnz=\frac{\overline{x}-\mu}{\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt[]{n}}}  

b)

t=x‾−μsnt=\frac{\overline{x}-\mu}{\frac{s}{\sqrt[]{n}}}  

c)

z=x‾1−x‾2σ12n1+σ22n2z=\frac{\overline{x}_1-\overline{x}_2}{\sqrt[]{\frac{\sigma_1^2}{n_1}+\frac{\sigma_2^2}{n_2}}}  

d)

None of these

61.

What is the FORMULA for the DIFFERENCE OF MEANS: LARGE INDEPENDENT SAMPLES?

a)

z=x‾−μσnz=\frac{\overline{x}-\mu}{\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt[]{n}}}  

b)

t=x‾−μsnt=\frac{\overline{x}-\mu}{\frac{s}{\sqrt[]{n}}}  

c)

z=x‾1−x‾2σ12n1+σ22n2z=\frac{\overline{x}_1-\overline{x}_2}{\sqrt[]{\frac{\sigma_1^2}{n_1}+\frac{\sigma_2^2}{n_2}}}  

d)

None of these

62.

A one sample t-test is conducted on Ho : μ = 81.6. The

sample has a sample mean = 84.1 , s = 3.1, n = 25, and α =

.01.

a)

There is enough evidence to reject the claim

b)

There is not enough evidence to reject the claim

c)

There is enough evidence to support the claim

d)

There is not enough evidence to support the claim

63.

A one sample t-test is conducted on Ho : μ = 81.6. The

sample has a sample mean = 84.1 , s = 3.1, n = 25, and α = .01.

a)

Reject Ho

b)

Reject Ha

c)

Fail to reject Ho

d)

Fail to reject Ha

64.

A manufacturer claims that his tires last at least 40,000

miles. A test on 25 tires reveals that the mean life of a tire

is 39,750 miles, with a standard deviation of 387 miles.

Test the Manufacturer’s claim at α = .01.

a)

There is enough evidence to reject the claim

b)

There is not enough evidence to reject the claim

c)

There is enough evidence to support the claim

d)

There is not enough evidence to support the claim

65.

The Quick Stop claims that the Big Slurp will contain 48

ounces of drink. You decide to test this claim because

you feel the actual amount is lower. Over the next few

weeks, you buy 50 Big Slurps and find the average

amount of drink is 47 ounces with a standard deviation

of 2.75 ounces. At α = 0.05, can you reject the Quick

Stop’s claim?

a)

Reject Ho

b)

Reject Ha

c)

Fail to reject Ho

d)

Fail to reject Ha

66.

Which statement is true?

A. Estimation is a procedure where a numerical value or values are assigned to the population parameter based on the information collected from a sample.


B. Estimation is a procedure where numerical value or values are assigned to the sample statistic based on the information collected from a sample.

a)

Statement A only

b)

Statement B only

c)

Statements A and B

d)

Neither A nor B

67.

What is a point estimate?

a)

average of sample values

b)

average of population values

c)

a single value that represents the unknown sample statistic

d)

a single value that represents the unknown population parameter

68.

It refers to a range of values that contains the parameter value

a)

confidence limit

b)

confidence interval

c)

confidence coefficient

d)

confidence level

69.

A property of a point estimator that occurs whenever a large sample sizes tend to provide point estimates closer to the population parameter

a)

efficiency

b)

unbiased

c)

consistency

d)

relative estimation

70.

A random sample of 121 bottles of cologne showed an average content of 4 ounces. It is known that the population standard deviation of the contents is 0.22 ounces. In this problem, the 4 ounces is?

a)

A parameter

b)

A statistic

c)

The standard error of the mean

d)

The average content of colognes in the long run

71.

When a 99% confidence interval is calculated instead of a 95% confidence interval with n being the same, the maximum error of estimate will be?

a)

smaller

b)

larger

c)

the same

d)

not be determined

72.

The scores of a random sample of 100 high school students on a standardized mathematics test in school A gave a mean of 78 and a standard deviation of 20.


What is the best point estimate of the true average score in this standardized mathematics test?

a)

20

b)

78

c)

95

d)

100

73.

A sample size of n = 64 is drawn from a population whose standard deviation is σ = 5.6.


Find the margin of error for a 99% confidence interval for µ.

a)

1.799

b)

1.798

c)

1.803

74.

A large sample has mean of 7.1 and Standard Error of 2.3.


Construct a 90% Confidence Interval for the population mean µ (to two decimal places).

a)

(3.32, 10.88)

b)

(3.8, 7.1)

c)

(3.3, 10.9)

d)

(3.3165, 10.8835)

75.

An IQ test was given to a simple random sample of 75 students at a certain college. The sample mean score was 105.2. Scores on this test are known to have a standard deviation of 10. It is desired to construct a 90% confidence interval for the mean IQ scores of the students at the college.


Find the Margin of Error to two decimal places.

a)

1.90

b)

1.89

c)

1.899

d)

1.99

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