Part 1: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helped to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do this was to expose the food to sun and wind. In this way the North American Indians produced pemmican (dried meat ground into powder and made into cakes), the Scandinavians made stockfish and the Arabs dried dates and apricots.

All foods contain water - cabbage and other leaf vegetables contain as much as 93% water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%, lean meat 75% and fish anything from 80% to 60% depending on how fatty it is. If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria which cause food to go bad is checked.

Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor, Greece, Spain and other Mediterranean countries, and also in California, South Africa and Australia. The methods used vary, but in general the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot sun. In order to prevent darkening, pears, peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulphur before drying. Plums for making prunes, and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants, are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly and remove their wax coating, so increasing the rate of drying.

Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically; the conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110°C at entry to about 45°C at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish.

Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated horizontal steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes. In the first case, the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively coarse flakes. In the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed.

Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions. For these reasons they are invaluable to climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space. They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them.

Read the passage below and choose the best answer to each question  (2.0 points - 0.2/ each)

GLOBAL WARMING

Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world’s climate. Many scientists (1) _________ the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in the world’s temperatures and are convinced that, more than (2) _________ before, the earth is at risk from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. (3) _________ to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and droughts, even more (4) _________ and causing sea levels all around the world to (5) ________. 

Environmental groups are putting (6) _________ on governments to take action to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide which is given (7) _________ by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in (8) _________ of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power (9) _________.

Some scientists,(10) _________, believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait several hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.

 Read the text and think of the word which best fits each gap.

ADVICE BEFORE STARTING WORK

In these days of high unemployment, it is often difficult (1) __________ young people to find a job. If they are lucky (2) ________ to be asked to go for an interview, they may find (3) __________there are at least 20 other applicants for the (4) __________. If a company is thinking of offering (5) __________ a job, they will ask you for at least one reference from either your previous employer (6) __________ someone who knows you well. (7) __________taking up your job, you may have to sign a contract. You will probably have to do some training, (8) __________helps you to do the job more successfully. Once you have decided that this is your chosen career, you will then have to work (9) __________ to try and get promotion, which usually brings more responsibility and more money! If you are unlucky, you may be made redundant, and not be able to find (10) __________ job. It is also a good idea to pay some money into a pension scheme, which will help you to look after yourself and your family when you are retired. Finally, good luck!