All chipmunks are Republicans.
Some Republicans are golfers.
Therefore, some chipmunks are golfers.

Some Republicans are golfers.
All chipmunks are not Republicans.
Therefore, some chipmunks are golfers.

All cars have wheels.

I drive a car.

Therefore, my car has wheels

All insects frighten me.

That is not an insect.

Therefore, I am frightened

• Richard likes Germany.

• Richard likes all German things.

• If Richard likes Germany, then he must drive an Audi.

• Cake increases sugar.

• Diabetics shouldn't have sugar.

• Therefore, diabetics should eat cake.

The scenery in Ireland is beautiful.

I'm in Ireland.

Therefore, the scenery must be beautiful.

Cats are animals.

A rock is not a cat.

Therefore, a rock is not an animal.

Tabby is not both a cat and a dog.

Tabby is a cat.

Therefore, Tabby is not a dog.

All roses are flowers.
This is a rose.
I'm holding a flower.

• Richard likes Germany.

• Richard likes all German things.

• If Richard likes Germany, then he must drive an Audi.

If government is for the common good, it is not for the good of only the few.
Government is for the common good.
Ergo, government is for the good of only the few.

If you pray, God will draw close to you.
God did not draw close to you.
Ergo, you don’t pray.

Your phone fell out a window.

If your phone falls out a window, it breaks.

Your phone is broken.

If A is true then B is also true. (If A then B). It appears through a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion.

The terms B and C in the major premises describe the term A.

If Katie is smart, then she will get into a good college

Rosmar is a dog.
    A            B

Dogs can bark.
   B              C

Therefore, Rosmar can't bark.
            A                 C