Multicellular

Unicellular

Hypotonic Environment

Water Expulsion Vesicle

Hypertonic Environment

Multicellular

Unicellular

Hypotonic Environment

Water Expulsion Vesicle

Hypertonic Environment

Flagella spinning

Inching

Cilia

Contracting

Flagella spinning

Pseudopodia

Cilia

Contracting

Creeping

Flagella spinning

Pseudopodia

Cilia

Contracting

Creeping

Outside gooey stuff

Inside gooey stuff

Outside gooey stuff

Inside gooey stuff (more liquidy)

Ingestion, gwomp, cell eating

Small stuff, cell drinking

Asexual

Ingestion, gwomp, cell eating

Small stuff, cell drinking

Asexual

Ingestion, gwomp, cell eating

Small stuff, cell drinking

Asexual reproduction

Poly: All different ancestors

Mono: From one ancestor

Mono: All different ancestors

Poly: From one ancestor

Come together and trade via meiosis

Spilt from one

Poly: All different ancestors

Mono: From one ancestor

Mono: All different ancestors

Poly: From one ancestor

Come together and trade via meiosis

Spilt from one

Poly: All different ancestors

Mono: From one ancestor

Mono: All different ancestors

Poly: From one ancestor

Come together and trade via meiosis

Spilt from one

1000 species, mostly F.W

Outer surface consists of a thickening of the Cell Membrane called a Pellicle

Locomotion via Flagella, usually 2, also can distort pellicle to move into tight spots

Photosynthetic and or predatory

Binary fission/Mitosis (Asexual)

Genus Euglena

Genus Cnidaria

1,200 species with many genera, F.W

Outer surface = Pellicle

Locomotion via Cilia, distort pellicle to move into tight spots (Paramecium)

Sessile (Stay in one spot), motile (move) or both (Telotroch)

Filter feeders, some predatory

Binary Fission/Mitosis (Asexual), Budding (Asexual), and conjunction (Sexual)

Filter feeders, some predatory

Binary Fission/Mitosis (Asexual) and Budding (Asexual)

Stentor (Tulips/wineglasses

Vorticella (Trumpets)

Paramecium (Foot Shaped)

Euglena (Green Beans)

Foraminifera (Shells)

Only Genus of the Phylum Euglenida (that we learned)

Predatory Flagellate

Autotrophic Chloroplasts

Eye/Red-Spot

Body is Flexible

Closely related to vorticella

Other form aggregates

Foot-shaped

Fast swimmers via cilia

Some species have symbiotic algae

Cilia create currents into specific area called a gullet

Paramecium bursaria is symbiotic with green algae (Chlorophyta)

Telotroch

Sessile, feed with cilia into gut

Can become motile when conditions decline, telotroch

Often form aggregates

Tulip shapped

Trumpet Shaped

Attached to Substrate

Contractile

Free-swimming Forms

Form aggregates

Sessile, feed with cilia into gut

Can become motile when conditions decline, telotroch

Often form aggregates

Tulip shapped

Trumpet Shaped

Attached to Substrate

Contractile

Free-swimming Forms

Form aggregates

4,000 species described with may marine Genera, many fossils

Outer surface = Pellicle or armor referred to as thecal plates

Locomotion is by flagella, 2

Photosynthetic and predatory

Binary fission/Mitosis (Asexual), or by gametes

Causes Red Tide

Genus Noctiluca are Bioluminescent

Genus Cystoseira are Bioluminescent

Have the flagella that wraps around the middle and the other to grab stuff (Longitudinal Flagellum)

Red tide = blooms that release brevetoxin a type of neurotoxin, and is released by Karenia brevis in the gulf of mexico

Are trumpet shaped

All colonial like the Man-o-War

9,000 species , most are marine inhabitants, few are freshwater

Many fossils of diatoms, diatomaceous earth

Outer surface is a test (Shell) of Silicon, calcium, or proteins

Locomotion is by Flagella usually two

Photosynthetic often use xanthophylls (pigment for light harvesting) as their pigment

Binary fission (Asexual) or Gametes (Sexual)

Sea weeds

Sea grass

Test

Crust

Frustule

Crustle

200 species, amebas

Amorphous cell shape

Locomotion by pseudopodia

Predatory or carnivorous, able to take up dissolve organics

Naked or testate (have a shell)

Binary Fission (Asexual)

Genus Amoeba and Arcella

Genus Amebas and Arcella

Amoeba: Are Naked and eat Paramecium

Arcella: Have Testates with holes

Amoeba: Have Testates with holes

Arcella: Are Naked and eat Paramecium

Over 4000 species, mostly marine

Outside surface = pellicle

Planktonic (Move passively via streams)

Testate made of silica (CHRISTMAS ORNAMENTS)

Predators, feed by phagocytosis (Gwomp) via axopodia (Long pointies)

Binary Fission (Asexual), Budding (Asexual), few produce Gametes (Sexual)

Are related to urchins do the line

Both developed axopdia via divergent evolution

Order: Foraminifera (Da literal shell ones)

40,000 species, mainly from the fossil record

Ornate tests made of calcareous (Calcium), protein, or mineral (Agglutinated)

Planktonic, marine, F.W, soil

All aquatic habitats

Some predatory phagocytosis (Gwomp)

Move by cytoplasmic extensions known as reticulopodia (1 BILLION TENTACLES)

Budding (Asexual) and Conjugation, touch butts trade gametes (Sexual)

Stones of the Great pyramids are my from fossil compressed tests

Move by cytoplasmic extensions known as reticulopodia (1 BILLION TENTACLES)

Budding (Asexual) and Gametes (Sexual)

Stones of the Great pyramids are my from fossil compressed tests

States that some of the organelles in eukaryotic were once prokaryotic microbes, supported by how mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide via binary fission

-

Represented by a single extant species, Trichoplax adhaerans

One other species was described and published in the 1800s and has not been found or confirmed since.

German Biologists Johannes Frenzel, claimed to have found it in the salt pans of Argentina in the late 19th century

Adults asymmetrical

Smallest Animal genome observed

Compromised of ciliated upper and lower cell layers, with fibrous cells inbetween

Only 4 somatic cell types have been identified

Regen Powers High

Don't have a structural nervous system, muscles, or digestive system, though feed through phagocytosis via feeding chambers

Binary Fission (Asexual), Budding (Asexual), Eggs (Sexually with unknow Development

Bulgarian Biologists Johannes Frenzel, claimed to have found it in the salt pans of Argentina in the late 19th century

Adults asymmetrical

Smallest Animal genome observed

8,346 extant species in both F.W (220) and marine habitats

4 Classes

Compromises about 75% benthic biomass of the worlds oceans

Highest abundance in unpolluted littoral and tropical reefs

Overall organism lacks symmetry

NO repro, digestive, respiratory, sensory, or excretory system

Outer and inner cell layers are not separated by any form of extracellular matrix

Multicellular, but lack tissue, all cells are totipotent (can change into whatever cell they want, back and forth, unlike stem cells where it's one way)

Adults are sessile (stationary) heterotrophic suspension feeders

Middle layer (Mesohyl) include motile cells and skeletal material (calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide, collagen fibers - species dependent)

Overall organism lacks symmetry

NO repro, digestive, respiratory, or excretory system

Outer and inner cell layers are not separated by any form of extracellular matrix

Choanocytes

Porocytes

Pinacocytes

Amoebacytes

Osteocytes

Inner cell, grab food

Next to Choanocytes and catch and transfer food/nutrients

Pores that allow for water flow and having food enter middle area

Outer cell layer

Inner cell, grab food

Next to Choanocytes and catch and transfer food/nutrients

Pores that allow for water flow and having food enter middle area

Outer cell layer

Inner cell, grab food

Next to Choanocytes and catch and transfer food/nutrients

Pores that allow for water flow and having food enter middle area

Outer cell layer

Inner cell, grab food

Next to Choanocytes and catch and transfer food/nutrients

Pores that allow for water flow and having food enter middle area

Outer cell layer

Asconoid

Syconoid

Leuconoid

Bilatroid

Astroid

The Vase, unfolded, simple choanoderm (epithelium)

The lumpy vase, folded, more complex choanoderm

Apopyle: Inner flagellated chamber (The Lumps)

The coconut, folded more complex choanoderm

Apopyle: Inner flagellated chamber (No lumps)

The Vase, unfolded, simple choanoderm (epithelium)

The lumpy vase, folded, more complex choanoderm

Apopyle: Inner flagellated chamber (The Lumps)

The coconut, folded more complex choanoderm

Apopyle: Inner flagellated chamber (No lumps)

The Vase, unfolded, simple choanoderm (epithelium)

The lumpy vase, folded, more complex choanoderm

Apopyle: Inner flagellated chamber (The Lumps)

The coconut, folded more complex choanoderm

Apopyle: Inner flagellated chamber (No lumps)

The Vase, unfolded, simple choanoderm (epithelium)

The lumpy vase, folded, more complex choanoderm

Apopyle: Inner flagellated chamber (The Lumps)

The coconut, folded more complex choanoderm

Apopyle: Inner flagellated chamber (No lumps)

Has a single osculum, and is shaped like a w, many folds on the inside like the coconut one

The Largest open vent where it "Exhales" everything out

Sponge main defense, made up of silicon and other materials, millions and millions of spikes that can leave you with a bloody hand

Calcite or aragonite

Glass

The Largest open vent where it "Exhales" everything out

Sponge main defense, made up of silicon and other materials, millions and millions of spikes that can leave you with a bloody hand

Calcite or aragonite

Glass

The Largest open vent where it "Exhales" everything out

Sponge main defense, made up of silicon and other materials, millions and millions of spikes that can leave you with a bloody hand

Calcite or aragonite

Glass

The Largest open vent where it "Exhales" everything out

Sponge main defense, made up of silicon and other materials, millions and millions of spikes that can leave you with a bloody hand

Calcite or aragonite

Glass

Structure: Has larger spicules to push out against the cells, like that of pillars that intersect with each other, and much smaller ones fill in the space

Shape: Literally anything that can have a spike, caltrops, hooks, claws, literally anything

Shape: Has larger spicules to push out against the cells, like that of pillars that intersect with each other, and much smaller ones fill in the space

Structure: Literally anything that can have a spike, caltrops, hooks, claws, literally anything

It's the outer layer/husk where spicules form inside and is what hold them together, literally how we get sponges (The product)

It's the outer tissue layer that holds everything together making sure that the sponge has form

Are the really sharp things that pierce your hand and act as the sponges defense

Spongilla and or other F.W species are relatively small, but are quite diverse on where you can find them. In the Amazon they cling to branches that get submerged when the river levels change.

Use deep silica 'roots' to stay in place all year round as due to their size they can't take in as much nutrients and have adapted to soil nutrients

Use deep silica 'roots' to truly stay grounded, especially with the strong ass currents as you get deeper in the ocean

Spongilla and or other F.W species are relatively small, but are quite diverse on where you can find them. In the Amazon they cling to branches that get submerged when the river levels change.

Use deep silica 'roots' to stay in place all year round as due to their size they can't take in as much nutrients and have adapted to soil nutrients

Use deep silica 'roots' to truly stay grounded, especially with the strong ass currents as you get deeper in the ocean

Asexual external reproduction

Budding: Grows and then pops off the main body

Fragmentation: Is loped off from the main body and grows

Asexual external reproduction

Fragmentation: Grows and then pops off the main body

Budding: Is loped off from the main body and grows

Asexual internal reproduction

Contain gemmule that is seed like and holds cells from which a new sponge can grow

Only in F.W species

Sexual internal reproduction

Contain gemmule that is seed like and holds cells from which a new sponge can grow

Only in S.W species

Asexual external reproduction

Budding: Grows and then pops off the main body

Fragmentation: Is loped off from the main body and grows

Asexual external reproduction

Fragmentation: Grows and then pops off the main body

Budding: Is loped off from the main body and grows

Asexual internal reproduction

Contain gemmule that is seed like and holds cells from which a new sponge can grow

Only in F.W species

Sexual internal reproduction

Contain gemmule that is seed like and holds cells from which a new sponge can grow

Only in F.W species

Hermaphroditic

Sperm arises from choanocytes (Mainly)

Ova - archaeocyts (type of amoebocyte

Sponges can produce sperm at one time and ova at another alternately

Hermaphroditic

Ova arises from choanocytes (Mainly)

Sperm - archaeocyts (type of amoebocyte

Sponges can produce sperm and ova at the same time

Coeloblastula

Parenchymula

Amphiblastula

Parentchymula

Blastula

Hollow ball of cells

Uniformly ciliated + Solid ball of cells

Flagellated cells at one pole

Hollow ball of cells

Uniformly ciliated + Solid ball of cells

Flagellated cells at one pole

Hollow ball of cells

Uniformly ciliated + Solid ball of cells

Flagellated cells at one pole

Flagella

Pseudopodia

Planktonic

Cilia

To make dish sponges

Allelochemicals, for anti-microbials

Allelochemicals, for cancer only

To make foam and Fiber glass

Decorator crab, gets protection

Sponge, gets leftover food and scrabs

Brittle star, eats the food that's too big for the sponge

Sponge, cleaned and opened unclogged pores

Sharks, eat the fish attracted to the sponges

Sponge, get protection and can grow

Octopus, get a home to hide in

Sponge, get prey that the octopus draws in

Boring Sponges cause bioerosion in limestone and mollusks leaving 5mm holes in them

-

Hexactinellida

Demospongiae

Homoscleromorpha

Calcarea

Silcarea

Hexactinellida and Demospongiae

Homoscleromorpha and Clacarea

Hexactinellida and Homoscleromorpha

Demospongiae and Clacarea

Make spicules of calcium carbonate, only in the form of calcite

All are marine and can be ascon, syncon, or leucon

Glass sponges, spicules made of silica

Deep water, marine

Bath sponges, spicules of silicon dioxide, also skeletal framework of collagen fibers with spongin

Marine, F.W, brackish (the middle between S.W & F.W), 90% of species are brackish

Make spicules of calcium carbonate, only in the form of calcite

All are marine and can be ascon, syncon, or leucon

Glass sponges, spicules made of silica

Deep water, marine

Bath sponges, spicules of silicon dioxide, also skeletal framework of collagen fibers with spongin

Marine, F.W, brackish (the middle between S.W & F.W), 90% of species are brackish

Newest proposed class

Are distinct on a molecular phylogenetic, morphological, anatomical, and embryological level

Marine, about 100 species that live in the shallow to deep range

Leuconoid body and sylleibid an intermediate type between sycoid and lecuonoid.

Have one main hole but is like a w with an embryo in the middle

Glass sponges, spicules made of silica

Deep water, marine

Bath sponges, spicules of silicon dioxide, also skeletal framework of collagen fibers with spongin

Marine, F.W, brackish (the middle between S.W & F.W), 90% of species are brackish

Newest proposed class

Are distinct on a molecular phylogenetic, morphological, anatomical, and embryological level

Marine, about 100 species that live in the shallow to deep range

Leuconoid body and sylleibid an intermediate type between sycoid and lecuonoid.

Have one main hole but is like a w with an embryo in the middle

Glass sponges, spicules made of silica

Deep water, marine

Bath sponges, spicules of silicon dioxide, also skeletal framework of collagen fibers with spongin

Marine, F.W, brackish (the middle between S.W & F.W), 90% of species are brackish

Jurassic-era sponge reef was the largest biotic mass ever

recorded, stretching 7,000km. The Great Barrier Reef is recorded, stretching 7,000km. The Great Barrier Reef is 2000km

The only multicellular animals that utilize silica instead of

calcium in their mineral skeleton calcium in their mineral skeleton

Carnivorous sponges can trap small Crustaceans on Velcro-

like spicules of their outer layer like spicules of their outer layer

Brilliant coloring typically due to the variety of symbiotic

bacteria and protists bacteria and protists

Some have lifespans of up to 200 years

The only unicellular animals that utilize silica instead of

calcium in their mineral skeleton calcium in their mineral skeleton

High Cellular Mobility and Totipotency

High Cellular Regeneration and Stem Cells

Most species are marine and found in all the worlds oceans

Some pelagic (Lives in the open ocean), sessile (Stationary), burrowers, a few occur in F.W (PA)

Large variety of shapes and forms

New species found as we explore ocean depths

Been here since the Vendian Period (Prior to Cambrian) 650 to 543 million years ago

Are all carnivores

This phylum includes Jellyfish, Coral, and Anemones

This phylum includes just Jellyfish

Cnida = Nematocyst = Cnidocyte (All the same thing for the needles)

Release toxins and are either undischarged or discharged (Fired)

Are created from Cnidoblasts

5-100 micrometers

Complex intracellular structures

Are created from Celloblasts

5-100 micrometers

Complex intracellular structures

Cnida = Cnidocyte (All the same thing for the needles)

Release toxins and are either undischarged or discharged (Fired)

Tentacle has a trigger that when touched discharge the cnidocyte and it will pierce and inject the prey with some chemical

It can also be used to simply grab and entangle them to eat them whole

Large batteries of nematocysts can over power large prey items

It can also be used to simply grab and entangle them to eat them whole

Large batteries of nematocysts can over power large prey items, but not eat them

Tentacle has a trigger that when touched discharge the cnidocyte and it will pierce and inject the prey with electricity

Coral have been around your millions and millions of years, adapting to various climate changes, that as well as hurricanes moving in cool water for the corals to be able to rejuvenate themselves.

Zooxanthellae are a symbiotic brown algae that through photosynthesis is able to give the cnidarian energy and in return gives it protection

Coral have been around your millions and millions of years, adapting to various climate changes, that as well as hurricanes moving in cool water for the corals to be able to rejuvenate themselves.

Zooxanthellae are a symbiotic brown algae that through photosynthesis is able to give the cnidarian energy and in return gives it protection

Radial symmetry

First animals with tissue organization

Nerve net and contractile fibers, muscles

Dimorphic (2 distinct forms) lifecycle, polypoid and medusoid

Diploblastic (2 Cell layers), Epidermis, Gastrodermis (Stomach), Mesoglea/Mesenchyme

One way gut tract, eat and poop from the same hole

Nerve net and contractile fibers, no muscle development

Dimorphic (2 distinct forms) lifecycle, polypoid and medusoid

Bilateral symmetry

First animals with tissue organization

Will either start their lives as Polyps or as Medusa

Polyps mate Asexually, Medusa mate sexually

When born as Polyps they branch off from the existing Polyp

When born as Medusa they come off the polyps like bottle caps, Strobila

Medusa will mate sexually and the zygote becomes a planula and either turn into a Polyp or back into a Medusa

Are bioluminescent to blind predators or prey

Are bioluminescent to attract mates

Will either start their lives as Polyps or as Medusa

Polyps mate Asexually, Medusa mate sexually

When born as Polyps they branch off from the existing Polyp

When born as Medusa they come off the polyps like bottle caps, Strobila

Medusa will mate sexually and the zygote becomes a planula and either turn into a Polyp or back into a Medusa

Are bioluminescent to blind predators or prey

Are bioluminescent to attract mates

Confirmed Classes

Hydrozoa

Anthozoa

Confirmed Classes

Cubozoa

Scyphozoa

Eiffy Classes

Staurozoa

Myxozoa

Confirmed Classes

Staurozoa

Myxozoa

Eiffy Classes

Cubozoa

Myxozoa

Alternation of polyp and medusa for some groups

Capable of tumbling movement

Anemone, coral, sea pens, fans

No medusoid stage (that we know of)

Symbiosis with clownfish with mucus

Anchor filter feeders

Fragmentation and Budding

Spawning = experience orbs

Alternation of polyp and medusa for some groups

Capable of tumbling movement

Anemone, coral, sea pens, fans

No medusoid stage (that we know of)

Symbiosis with clownfish, have a special mucus

Anchor filter feeders

Fragmentation and Budding

Spawning = experience orbs

4 tentacles at each corner

Have eyes that are only believed to see light and darkness, primative pinhole cameras

Box Jellyfish, clear nearly transparent

Dimorphic Polyp and Medusa

Fertilization takes place inside the females in some species the fertilized eggs are released into the water column where they develop into planulae while in others development into planulae occurs inside the female

Medusa form predominates, polyps are small, produce medusae by asexual budding pr strobilation

Ephyra, bottle cap Strobila

4 tentacles at each corner

Have eyes that are only believed to see light and darkness, primative pinhole cameras

Box Jellyfish, clear nearly transparent

Dimorphic Polyp and Medusa

Fertilization takes place inside the females in some species the fertilized eggs are released into the water column where they develop into planulae while in others development into planulae occurs inside the female

Medusa form predominates, polyps are small, produce medusae by asexual budding pr strobilation

Ephyra, bottle cap Strobila

Have just polyp - Anthozoa

Have Polyp and Medusa - Hydrozoa, Cubozoa, and Scyohozoa

Have Polyp and Medusa - Hydrozoa

Have Polyp and Medusa - Cubozoa and Scyphozoa

Have Polyp and lose Medusa - Anthozoa

Have Polyp and Medusa - Cubozoa

Have Polyp and Medusa - Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa

Have Medusa, lose Polyp - Anthozoa

Have just polyp - Hydrozoa

Have Polyp and Medusa - Anthozoa, Cubozoa, and Scyohozoa

Comb Jellies

Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia arranged along the sides of the animal used locomotion

Some species have 2 tentacles most have none

Voracious predators

Some species move with a flapping motion of their lobes or undulations of the body

Many can undulate distinct lobes

The continuous beating of the cilia refract light creating a prism-like multicolor effect

Lack stinging cells, possess sticky cells Colloblasts

The continuous beating of the cilia refract light creating a prism-like multicolor effect

Lack sticky cells, possess stinging cells cnidocytes

Very little is known of their biology

A lot of art depictions are done by Ernst Haeckel 1834-1919

New species are discovered every few months

Variety of shapes

Many Species are bioluminescent

Diploblastic/Triploblastics, cellular mesochyme is more complex than the cnidaria

Monomorphic (1 Shape), never colonial

Bi-radial symmetry, radial and lateral symmetry

Largest organisms that use cilia for locomotion, comb plates, ctemes

Have tentacle sheaths, and their colloblasts have lasso cells

Apical sense organ (Possible pebble), used for balance and orientation (rocking motion)

Very little is known of their biology

A lot of art depictions are done by Ernst Haeckel 1834-1919

New species are discovered every few months

Variety of shapes

Many Species are bioluminescent

Diploblastic/Triploblastics, cellular mesochyme is more complex than the cnidaria

Monomorphic (1 Shape), never colonial

Bi-radial symmetry, radial and lateral symmetry

Largest organisms that use cilia for locomotion, comb plates, ctemes

Have tentacle sheaths, and their colloblasts have lasso cells

Apical sense organ (Possible pebble), used for balance and orientation (rocking motion)

Nervous system is highly developed nerve net, no centralization, acetylcholine based nerves (close to ours)

Radiating Gastric canals, increase surface area, helps dissolve food faster and is more efficient at nutrients being given to other parts of the body

Waste Removal, via anal pores or out the mouth

Reproduction hermaphroditic, larvae of all forms appear as cydippids

Waste Removal, via Oculum

Reproduction hermaphroditic, larvae of all forms appear as cydippids

Nervous system is highly developed nerve net, no centralization, acetylcholine based nerves (Exactly like ours)

Radiating Gastric canals, increase surface area, helps dissolve food faster and is more efficient at nutrients being given to other parts of the body

Lobates

Cydippida

Cestida

Platyctendia

Stentor

Pelagic (Live in the upper layer of water)

Compressed body

Pair of oral lobes

4 flap-like auricles

Pelagic (Live in the upper layer of water)

Well developed comb rows

Long, retractable tentacles

Globular/ovoid body

Pelagic (Live in the upper layer of water)

Compressed body

Pair of oral lobes

4 flap-like auricles

Pelagic (Live in the upper layer of water)

Well developed comb rows

Long, retractable tentacles

Globular/ovoid body

Pelagic (Live in the upper layer of water)

Extremely compressed and elongated

Up to 1m long

Possess retractable tentacles

"Venus Girdle"

Benthic (Deep Sea) and Planktonic (Vibe with the currents)

Greatly Flattened

"Creeping Sole"

Often with tentacle sheaths

Highly complex gastrovascular system

Fertilization is internal, and they brood young through larval stage

Asexual reproduction is common

Pelagic (Live in the upper layer of water)

Extremely compressed and elongated

Up to 1m long

Possess retractable tentacles

"Venus Girdle"

Benthic (Deep Sea) and Planktonic (Vibe with the currents)

Greatly Flattened

"Creeping Sole"

Often with tentacle sheaths

Highly complex gastrovascular system

Fertilization is internal, and they brood young through larval stage

Asexual reproduction is common

Took place in the Black and Caspian Seas, involves a Ctenophore species M. leidyi

Was released due to ships taking in and releasing water for buoyancy in the early 1980's, destroyed the fishing industry in 10 years

Is currently being "controlled" by the accidental release of it's predator B. ovata

Took place in the Indian and Deep Seas, involves a Ctenophore species M. leidyi

Is currently being "controlled" by the accidental release of it's predator B. ovaum

Sensation

Muslces

Pain reflex

Active hunting