When you performed a physical exam on Snoopy, you lightly touched his lateral thorax and noticed that his skin twitched. What is the name of the muscle causing the skin twitching?

(a)  

What is the name of the fatty substance coating axons?
(Hints: It helps to accelerate the speed of information transfer along the axon length.)

(a)  

What protein is skin primarily composed of?

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What is the layer of the epidermis that consists of several layers of flattened cells that contain keratohyalin granules?

(a)  

What is the main activated (cleaved) complement component, which has a potent chemotactic effect on neutrophils?

(a)  

What is this structure indicated by #2 in the diagram?

(a)  

What is the structure highlighted by the black arrow in this histology image of the skin?

(a)  

The axillary lesions on Snoopy extend along the proximal forelimb to the biceps brachii muscle. What is the name of the nerve that innervates this muscle?

(a)  

What are the structures indicated by #1 in the diagram?

(Hints: their function is to transmit electrical impulses to the neuronal cell body)

(a)  

What ion is necessary for neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles to release their contents by exocytosis?

(a)  

What is the structure highlighted by the star in the following image of a macrophage, that binds to antigens?

(a)  

What is the organism shown?

(Hints: it is an important differential diagnosis for skin lesions in young puppies.)

(a)  

What is the name for the sebaceous gland of the eyelid?

(a)  

What is the name of the muscle found in the dermis whose contraction causes "goosebumps?"

(a)  

What type of pathogen does neutrophils primarily defend against?

(a)  

What is the component of the bacterial cell surface of a gram-negative bacterium that stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines from neutrophils, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a?

(Hints: it binds to the Toll-like receptor 4)

(a)  

What is the appropriate dermatologic/pathologic term for the small, red, raised skin lesions containing yellow to white materials seen on Snoopy?

(Hints: it is typical of superficial pyoderma)

(a)  

What is the name for specialized protein complexes that localize to intercellular junctions in the skin?

(a)  

Name one of the two muscles attached at the structure indicated by the star.

(a)  

You examine a biopsy sample of one of Snoopy's skin lesions and notice the cell highlighted by the arrow. It is responsible for producing pigment in the skin. What is the name of this cell?

(a)  

Name ​one of the two components of the diencephalon in the central nervous system (CNS).

(a)  

In terms of ions, what happens during the repolarization phase of an action potential?


(a)  

What is the most common cause of puppy pyoderma?

(Hints: it is a commensal bacterium that resides on the mucosal and skin surfaces of dogs.)

(a)  

List 1 reasonable differential diagnosis for widespread pustular skin lesions like described in Snoopy.