To ensure accountability by proving actions were taken by an individual or entity, thus preventing disputes

To protect data from unauthorized disclosure

To guarantee data remains unchanged from its creation, transmission, or storage

To ensure data is available when needed

Confidentiality and integrity

Integrity and availability

Non-repudiation and authentication

Authentication and confidentiality

Confidentiality

Integrity

Availability

Non-repudiation

To prevent security incidents by using measures such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and security policies

To ensure accountability by proving actions were taken by an individual or entity, thus preventing disputes

To guarantee data remains unchanged from its creation, transmission, or storage

To protect data from unauthorized disclosure

Confidentiality, integrity, and availability of informational assets

Data accessibility for authorized individuals or systems

Trustworthiness in electronic transactions

Non-repudiation and authentication

Procedures, policies, and guidelines are processes that organizations use to ensure secure information protection

Safeguarding information assets relies on the participation of people such as employees, contractors, and stakeholders

Integrating technology with processes and people is crucial to maximize security benefits

All of the above

To guard the kernel and bestow different levels of access to resources

To provide a command-line interface, customisation, stability, and security

To support various software applications and gaming

To protect the kernel from dangerous or poorly coded software

Ring 0

Ring 1

Ring 2

Ring 3

Where user-level applications operate with limited system resource access

Where the most privileged ring is found

Where system resources are directly accessed by user-level applications

Where user-level applications are preserved

Linux

Windows

Windows

Linux

It supports the organisation of directories and files, tracks their location, and provides access to read, write, and modify files

It provides a user interface for the operating system

It manages the computer’s hardware resources

It controls the execution of programs and operations

FAT, NTFS, XFS, EXT4, and APFS

Windows, Linux, MacOS

CPU, RAM, Hard Disk

Python, Java, C++

The storage medium’s performance, dependability, and compatibility

The speed of the internet connection

The power consumption of the computer

The colour resolution of the monitor

FAT32

APFS

NTFS

EXT4

A 100 MB System Reserved partition, the Windows partition (C: drive), and a hidden Recovery partition

A single partition for all files and folders

Separate partitions for each installed program

A partition for each type of file (documents, images, videos, etc.)

FAT32, NTFS, APFS

EXT4, XFS, Btrfs, ZFS

Boot, root, swap, home

Windows, MacOS, Linux

XFS

Btrfs

EXT4

ZFS

Boot, root, swap, home

FAT32, NTFS, APFS

Windows partition (C: drive), System Reserved partition, Recovery partition

Documents, Downloads, Pictures

4 GB

8 TB

16 exabytes

256 TB

To improve storage performance and reliability

To reduce the cost of storage

To increase the size of the disks

To make the disks look more attractive

It increases read and write speeds by distributing data across multiple disks without parity

It duplicates data on two or more disks, ensuring data redundancy and high availability

It has the ability to sustain one disk failure while retaining data

It is capable of withstanding the simultaneous failure of two disks

Two

Three

Four

Five

It uses two parity blocks instead of one, making it capable of withstanding the simultaneous failure of two disks

It increases read and write speeds by distributing data across multiple disks without parity

It duplicates data on two or more disks, ensuring data redundancy and high availability

It creates two mirrored sets of striped volumes that offer high performance and data redundancy

It creates two mirrored sets of striped volumes that offer high performance and data redundancy

It uses two parity blocks instead of one, making it capable of withstanding the simultaneous failure of two disks

It increases read and write speeds by distributing data across multiple disks without parity

It duplicates data on two or more disks, ensuring data redundancy and high availability

On-premises physical hardware like desktop computers, servers, and storage devices

Cloud services

Virtual machines

Resource groups

A logical container that oversees resources for a project or app

A subscription between a user or organisation and a cloud service provider

A geographic location where data centres offering cloud services and resources are hosted

1. A separate location within a region, isolated from other zones

IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, and FaaS

Traditional computing, cloud computing, hybrid computing

Desktop computers, servers, storage devices

Resource groups, subscriptions, regions

A serverless computing environment that enables event-driven applications without infrastructure concerns

A model where the user has to manage all underlying infrastructure

A model that requires on-premises physical hardware to run applications and store data

A model that requires the user to have local access to data and applications

Event-driven execution, automatic scaling, and usage-based pricing

High infrastructure control and ease of use

Requirement for infrastructure or middleware management

Need for on-premises physical hardware

Data remains unchanged from its creation, transmission, or storage

Data is accessible to authorized individuals or systems

Data is protected from unauthorized disclosure

Data is available when needed