Atom Charge = # Protons - # Electrons

Atom Charge = # Protons + # Electrons

Atom Charge = # Electrons ÷ # Protons

Atom Charge = (# Protons + # Electrons) ÷ 2

All matter can be broken down into divisible atoms

Existence of atoms

Water atoms are flowy and round

Iron atoms are jagged, solidly put together

Matter is continuously divisible and has no smallest unit

The distance between the crests

Democritus

Rutherford

JJ Thompsons

Bohrs

Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged

Atoms of different elements can merge to form hybrid atoms

1. The weight of an atom was primarily determined by the number of electrons it contains.

Energy levels within an atom determine its chemical properties

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element

Atoms are made up of photons, neutrons, and electrons.

Atoms are the building blocks of molecules

The existence of atoms

Water atoms being round and flowy

Iron atoms being jagged, solidly put together

That matter is continuously divisible and has no smallest unit

All matter can be broken down into divisible atoms

Neil Bohrs

Chadwick

Electron

Nucleus

Orbit

Molecules

Atoms resembled miniature solar systems, with electrons orbiting the nucleus much like planets around the sun. Furthermore, he believed these electron "planets" could potentially harbor microscopic life forms

Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined or rearranged. Atoms of one element, however are never changed into atoms of another elements as a result of a chemical reaction

Atoms are small solid spheres that cannot be divided up into smaller particles

Under extreme temperatures and pressures, one element could be transformed into another

13

Aluminum becomes [Ne]3s²3p¹ and Calcium becomes [Ar]4s²

The atom has a small, dense, positive center that's surrounded by empty space and electrons

The atom consisted of a dense cloud of electrons that hovered around the nucleus, with the intensity of the cloud determining the atom's chemical properties.

The atomic nucleus was composed of a single type of particle, which he named "neutrids." These neutrids determine the atomic weight and properties of an element.

By merging two atoms together, a new form of stable matter could be created, which would be the key to limitless energy.

Neon

Xenon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Electrons only exist in certain allowed orbitals

Within an orbit, the electron does not radiate

Radiation is emitted or absorbed when changing orbits

The small positive charge in electron drastically judges how far an electron will jump to the next level

The gold experiment

The raytube experiment

The quantum experiment

The electron configuration

Determining the efficiency

Calculating electrical configurational energy

Energy of a photon

Measuring the energy of a wave

Molecular Pudding

Quantum Pudding

Plum Pudding

Chocolate Pudding

Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Total number of neutrons in an atom

Total number of protons in an atom

Total number of electrons in an atom

6.63×10^−34

6.70×10^−34

6.63×10^−33

7.63×10^−34

All matter/elements are composed of atoms

Atoms combine in a reaction, they do so in random ratios that vary depending on the conditions.

Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any one element are different from those of any other element

Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically combine with one another in simple whole-number ratios to form components

Atoms vibrate at specific frequencies, which determine their chemical properties.

Hund's rule states that electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy, one electron enters each orbital until all orbitals contain one electrons with parallel spins.

Molecular

Nuclear

Filled

Empty

10, 2

2, 18

18, 18

8, 2

Protons

Electrons

Photons

Energy levels

JJ Thompson

Chadwick

Rutherford's

Unit of measurement to calculate the speed of frequency and C

The amount of energy required to move an electron from its present energy level to the next higher one

Element on the periodic table (Also known as "Qa" atomic number "109")

representative elements

The atoms mostly empty

The atoms of the protons are negatively charged and rotate around the nucleus

The atom has a nucleus that is small, very dense and it has a positive charge

The electrons are located at different energy shells (energy levels around the nucleus)

Electrons in the first/ energy level of an atom.

Electrons in the last/highest energy level of an atom.

[Xe] 6s2 5d10 4f14 6p2

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 5d10 6s2

[Xe] 5d10 4f14 6s2 6p4

[Xe] 6p6 4f14 5d10 6s2

The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that an atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, and to occupy the same orbital, two electrons must have opposite spins.

Rutherford

JJ Thompson

Neil Bohr

1

8

3

6

The region around the nucleus that the electron is likely to be moving.

Arrangement of electrons around the nuclei

number of neutrons = mass number/atomic number

number of neutrons = atomic number

number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number

number of neutrons = atomic number - number of electrons

protons

electromagnetic

c = ʎ x f

c = ʎ - f

c = f/ʎ

c = f - ʎ x 2

Principle in quantum mechanics that states electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first.

Atoms are charged (with a positive or negative charge)

c = 3.0 x 10^8 m/s

c = 0.3 x 10^-8 m/s

c = 3.0 x 10^-8 m/s

c = -3.0 x 10^8 m/s

Frequency = ʎ / c

Frequency = ʎ * c

Frequency = c + ʎ

Frequency = c / ʎ