His philosophy examines how we should live. This led him to discussions on various virtues, things like wisdom, justice, courage, piety, and so on

Believed that reality is divided into two parts: the ideal and the phenomena.

Known for inventing the scientific method of analysis, which can be applied to multiple fields of study

He stated the importance of having a good moral character, which can then affect the world around that person through the idea of "cosmic harmony"

His theory on the separation between the mind and the body went on to influence subsequent Western philosophies

Famously proclaiming that "Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions."

Believed that a government should be beholden to the people rather than vice-versa

Best known for arguing that people in power should use deception, force, and manipulation if those tactics are necessary to achieve

Mainly concerned with the battle between the working class and the ownership class and favors communism and socialism over capitalism

He believed in a moral theory called utilitarianism, that actions that lead to people's happiness are right and that those that lead to suffering are wrong

Rejected the idea of absolute truth, instead of focusing on how individuals can create meaning in their lives to overcome nihilism, a belief that life is meaningless

He is well known for his work on the Social Contract, which questioned the purpose and place of government and its responsibility for its citizens

He believed that societies were best understood as arenas of struggle between powerful and powerless groups

Believes that natural reason can demonstratively prove God's existence