Come from the Latin word “mores” which are the customs including the customary behavior of a particular group of people.

It pertains to certain norms or standards for goodness and badness, rightness of wrongness of an act.

There is a moral framework where normative ethics' standards of morality are based.

Questions the basis of assumptions proposed in a framework of norms and standards by normative ethics. Examines the presuppositions, meanings, and justifications of ethical concepts, and principles.

describes how we apply normative theories to specific issues

Our notion of what is right stems from man’s basic instinct to survive.

Sanctions, customs and habits are not formed from society

As an existentialist, he claims that “man is condemned to be free.”

Man is an unconstrained free moral agent in the sense that he always has a choice in every aspect of his life.

Man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself.

Man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself. You are free, but this freedom is not absolute.

He wrote the book entitled, Ethics: The Modern Conceptions of the Principles of Right

two conditions for morality to occur:

assumed when one is making his choices and is the agent that is taking full responsibility for his actions.

one’s duty to himself to exercise this freedom as a rational moral being.

Animals can be moral beings

Conduct is a deliberate human action.

animals are not capable of the act of deliberation or reflection.

animals don't have pre-reflective morality

All values are priorities with respect to some aspect of human experience.

A value can become a moral value if they become unlimited priorities in their scope of relevance in our life.

the result of reflection where the human person is endowed with the capacity to think using his rationality and to weigh the consequences of his actions

all moral judgements are moral decisions.

Mill agrees with Bentham’s calculus.

When the will is fully functioning, freedom is truly exercised because this is also when our reason is working to tell us what we ought to do.

A value-laden argument may go along for years without being resolved, precisely because of two opposing values that each proponent holds.

wrote the book entitled, Moral Reasoning: Ethical Theory and Some Contemporary Moral Problems.

"Act only on that maxim, through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law"

he introduced the confusion between “what one ought to do and what one would be inclined to do?”

according to him, pleasure is quantifiable.

“Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain.”

He also made a distinction between intellectual and physiological pleasure

All his life, he stayed in his hometown at Konigsberg, Germany. He remained a bachelor his whole life. He always sticks to his daily routines like taking a walk at exactly the same time during the afternoon.

"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied"

"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied"

A value statement in nothing else than a command in a misleading grammatical form.

In order to avoid being mislead by the moral concepts that we may take for granted in a moral argument, we should keep a critical eye on the use of these vague concepts in order to determine their limits of applicability as they apply to particular situations

usually employed for propaganda purposes

When we are analyzing moral situations, we should examine whether the disagreements are based on facts

an attempt to make a universal statement using “all” based only on a few cases observed

In an accepted statement of a causal connection between A and B, you are making an inference that A is the cause of the occurrence of B. In an argument, when someone vehemently and passionately insists that this must be the cause, you can always question that assumption if the basis for the causal connection has yet to be established and accepted.

This is a defense mechanism recognized by psychologists. This is the process of offering justifications or reasons to cover-up or clothe an already arrived at decision meant to hide one’s true negative or destructive motive, to become an acceptable course of action.

Answers the question what we ought to do according to a normative ethical system. This is what society is expecting us to do.

Deals with how a person will act according to a given situation.

The thing as it appears to an observer.

The thing-in-itself (das Ding an sich).

an ethic based on duty.

mostly base on consequences.

“The end justifies the means.”

Provides a priori knowledge

Provide a posteriori knowledge

is responsible for our capacity to recognize what is good through the will.

Kant claimed this as the only thing good in-itself, without qualification