A religious group in 16th and 17th century England that sought to "purify" the Church of England from what they saw as corrupt practices and rituals.

Supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War, were often associated with the Royalist cause.

Supporters of the Parliamentarian or anti-royalist side during the English Civil War.

Disagreements or disputes, often involving opposing parties, which can occur for various reasons, including political, religious, or territorial issues.

A set of rules, principles, or guidelines adopted by a government or organization to guide its actions and decisions.

A fleet of warships, often associated with the powerful Spanish naval force that attempted to invade England in 1588.

The increase in the prices of goods and services over time, resulting in a decrease in the purchasing power of a currency.

The concept that a nation-state has the ultimate authority and control over its own territory and government without external interference.

The belief is that monarchs receive their authority to rule directly from a higher power, such as God, and are therefore not subject to the will of the people.

The period in English history (1660-1688) when the monarchy was reinstated after the English Civil War and the Interregnum.

A political system in which the government is established for the common good of the people, often without a monarch.

to change one's religious beliefs or to persuade others to do so

The principle that everyone, including government officials, is subject to and accountable under the law.

Fundamental rights and freedoms inherent to all human beings, often including life, liberty, and property, as articulated by Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke.

A state of being secure, consistent, and free from major disruptions or changes.

A political system in which a monarch holds absolute and centralized power, typically without checks and balances.

The power or right to give orders, make decisions, or enforce obedience.

A title used for the emperors of Russia, also spelled as "tsar."

To come forth or become visible, often referring to new ideas, movements, or entities.

The highest-ranking nobility in Russia, often serving as advisers to the czar.

An artistic style that emerged in the late Renaissance, characterized by exaggerated and complex forms.

To decrease in value, quality, or power over time.

An artistic and architectural style characterized by elaborate ornamentation, dramatic compositions, and a sense of grandeur.

A form of literature or performance that tells a story through the actions and dialogue of characters.

Involving or consisting of two parts or elements.

Relating to the generation of new ideas, artistic expression, or imaginative thinking.

Thinkers and scholars who engage in philosophical inquiries and discussions.

A term used to describe the intellectuals and thinkers of the Enlightenment in 18th-century France.

A philosophical belief that emphasizes the importance of reason and logic as the primary source of knowledge.

A philosophical approach that emphasizes the importance of sensory experience and observation as the foundation of knowledge.

A model of the universe where the Earth is considered the center, with celestial bodies, including the Sun and planets, orbiting around it.

can refer to celestial objects like planets, or metaphorically represent areas of influence or expertise.

A model of the universe where the Sun is at the center, and planets, including Earth, revolve around it.

A theory formulated by Sir Isaac Newton, stating that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

A systematic approach to empirical research and investigation, involving observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and analysis.

A type of reasoning that involves making generalizations based on specific observations or evidence.

A religious and philosophical belief that posits a belief in a supreme being or creator who established the universe but does not intervene in human affairs.

A concept in political philosophy that advocates dividing the functions of government into separate branches, typically the legislative, executive, and judicial, to prevent the concentration of power in one entity.

An economic and political philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in the marketplace and economy.

A system or style of government characterized by centralized authority and limited individual freedoms.

Legal membership in a nation or state, entailing certain rights and responsibilities.

A theoretical concept in political philosophy that suggests individuals form a society and agree to obey certain rules and laws for the common good.

Not in accordance with established laws or accepted standards.

Refers to a group of individuals born and living at the same time.

Based on personal choice or whim rather than reason or law.

Gathering places for intellectual and social discussions, popular during the Enlightenment.

An artistic and architectural style characterized by ornate, decorative elements and a light, graceful aesthetic, popular in the 18th century.

A political concept where an absolute monarch uses their power to implement Enlightenment ideals and reforms.

Individuals who come after or inherit a position or role from a predecessor.

At some point in the future.

Officially criticized or disapproved of.

Competition or conflict between individuals or groups.

The principle that the authority of a state is derived from the will of its people.

A system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units, such as states or provinces.

Changes or additions made to a legal or constitutional document.

Assured or secured.

The incorrect interpretation or understanding of something.

Limiting or restricting

Compensation for a wrong or injury.

Relating to time or worldly matters.

Undermined or disrupted.

Mentioned previously or earlier.

An archaic or alternative spelling of "ancient."