- tests the causality between variables.

(a)  

- attempts to determine to what extent two or more variables are related to each

other.

(a)  

- establish a causal relationship between two or more variables.

(a)  

- often called “true experimentation”; the independent variable is manipulated to

assess causal relationships.

(a)  

– a reason for a certain action, condition or result to happen

(a)  

- expressing a result or outcome based on a certain cause

(a)  

– subject matter of the study, important elements of the research

(a)  

involves with identifying and describing the cause or reason of a particular

phenomenon.

(a)  

– a variable that affects the dependent variable

(a)  

– a variable that receives the effect from the independent variable

(a)  

seeks on analyzing the relationship between variables(positive or negative)

that are involved in a research context.

(a)  

determines the causality between one or more variables. A lot of

intervening factors are integrated since there are some other major variables that must be

determined and are highly based on time duration and centralized on programs.

(a)  

- this is one of the highest forms of quantitative research wherein independent

variables are manipulated and various statistical techniques are involved in order to formulate a

product.

(a)  

- is the object, characteristic, category, attribute, case, event, which had been

regarded measurable once it is assisted by statistical treatments. Furthermore, it can change

to change, alter, improve, or be modified.

(a)  

– variable that stands alone and the variable that causes an

effect to the dependent variable/s.

(a)  

- the one that is assumed to be affected by an independent

variable and some other mediating variables.

(a)  

– summarizes the main idea of the whole paper and is the most notable part of the

research paper.

(a)  

– a general area of interest that you would like to pursue in your research

(a)  

- the main research variables to be studied

(a)  

–the purpose for conducting the research study

(a)  

– location/ place where the study will be conducted

(a)  

– an individual or group of people that serves as the source of information during data

collection

(a)  

entails idea that is developed from and integrated from a question raised by a

researcher/s about a particular research topic.

(a)  

- an intellectual stimulus calling for an answer in the form of scientific inquiry.

(a)  

– introductory idea, initial basis of a particular point.

(a)  

– an issue that has not been fully addressed by previous studies. This is the problem that the

researchers will aim to solve or answer.

(a)  

- ideas or concepts that are structured to be resolved.

(a)  

– part of the research that describes the basic background ideas.

(a)  

- a quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author, especially in a scholarly work

(Oxford English Dictionary)

(a)  

includes an overview of the research topic, the area being researched,

as well as previous studies and relevant information on the topic.

(a)  

gives us the idea of what the research will be

about. It gives the context of the study.

(a)  

to inform his/her audience that specific items in the work come from

another source.

(a)  

APA style

(a)  

use only a few details of the source, enough to locate its matching reference citation

in the reference list. As the name implies, it is placed within the text.

(a)  

citations provide more information about the source, so that the reader can find it if

they wish.

(a)  

- Place the author(s) and date (s) in parentheses at an appropriate place in or at the end of

the sentence.

Example: Researchers have studied how children represent mathematical problems (Alibali, 2019).

(a)  

- Place only the date in parentheses.

Example: Alibali’s (2019) mixed-methods study found that children represent mathematical problems best

on paper.

(a)  

- Integrate both the author and date into your sentence.

Example: In 2009 Alibali, Phillips, and Fischer reported that third- and fourth-grade students improved

their problem representation when they were taught the equalize strategy but did not improve

their problem representation when they were taught the add-subtract strategy.

(a)  

- ideas or concepts that are structured to be resolved

(a)  

- a definite or clear expression of something in speech or writing

(a)  

– the overall direction or focus of the study

(a)  

- research statements that are constructed to inquire for further relevant answers,

theories and ideas. It addresses areas of research discovery and research analysis through relevant sources

and methods.

(a)  

- a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, or set of ideas that exists in a

scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that emphasizes the need for meaningful understanding and

deliberate investigation in a research process.

(a)  

is generated from the research problem and clearly focuses on the development of

the study. In the research process, the purpose is usually stated after the problem, supports the problem,

and clarifies the knowledge to be generated.

(a)  

– describes the presentation of the research questions

and research purpose.

(a)  

– stated the central inquiry of the research. It must be parallel with the research

title.

(a)  

– stated the other specific instances of the problem that must be

investigated in a research study to provide substantial research theories.

(a)  

- describes the goal of the study in achieving set of research results.

(a)  

- it is the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is

relevant.

(a)  

- it is a certain of something that restraints.

(a)  

-the quality of being worthy of attention; importance.

(a)  

is any statement created by researchers when they try to attempt upon the

outcome of a research or experiment.

(a)  

- A specialized part of the research study that is operational and contextual in

nature

(a)  

- is a section of a research paper that explains what

information or subject is being analyzed.

(a)  

- is the explanation of the scope of

study.

(a)  

are those persons, or group of persons, or organizations or communities as

a result of the study.

(a)  

is any statement created by researchers when they try to attempt upon the outcome

of a research or experiment.

(a)  

– a hypothesis that indicates the nothingness and the similarities and the absence

of change in the objects, principles and results of the research study. It indicates a very low or no

possibility of a result to be accomplished or the negativity of an instance.

It is called the H0

(a)  

– a hypothesis that is positive in its structure, indicating an increase or a

change or even a point of difference and relationship, it is the true goal of the researchers, to establish an

identified response.

(a)  

Specialized part of the research study that is operational and contextual in nature.

(a)  

is a detailed review of existing literature

related to the topic of a thesis or dissertation.

(a)  

is an act of acknowledging the author or the source of an article.

(a)  

is a way of rewording the ideas using own words.

(a)  

is the process of breaking down an explaining the ideas of cited articles

(a)  

is the general and overall theoretical idea of the research study based on the analyzed and

reviewed articles.

(a)  

- each article must be rational enough to describe a particular theory or concepts

(a)  

– articles must be placed in a research context considering a specific

research problem based on the researchers’ scientific observation.

(a)  

– the researchers must understand the function, content and

discourse of the ideas and analyze its relevance on the statement of the research problem.

(a)  

– each article have to be related with the research variables as well

contribute on the formulation of substantial theories, constructs and thesis statement.

(a)  

– each article must be properly analyzed in such a way that the practicality of the

supporting details can be used in the collection of primary research data.

(a)  

– is any pre- conceived notion or idea that is in the center of a particular instance

(a)  

– Is a paradigm that gives a strong emphasis on the

interdependency and connection of each research variables throughout the study

(a)  

- refers to the ideas that are collectively common among most references

(a)  

– diagram that presents all the theories of the research study which

establishes thesis statements.

(a)  

– focuses the description of the structured methods of research

(a)  

–types of research to be done

(a)  

- describes the collection of data to be used in a research

(a)  

– representing the research respondents

(a)  

– process of using table and graph to present research result

(a)  

- Refers to any consecutive steps to be followed in order to achieve something.

(a)  

- Is the scientific and organized way of accumulating data from respondents and even accounting the

research instruments used, determining research designs, and even stating the actual respondents,

locus of the data, nature of the sources and the way the respondents have been selected.

(a)  

- This is done by asking an interviewee some selected questions randomly, usually

it is done in most of qualitative research.

(a)  

– This is done by selecting purposive respondents and provides them

forms which include questions that the respondents will answer.

(a)  

- This is done by collecting written articles (printed/ online) source to support the

assumption of the researchers in their study.

(a)  

- It generates ideas by focusing on the current phenomenon by witnessing how

it occurs and how it will be resolved.

(a)  

– It is usually the method to be used if the study is more on investigation

and/or research project.

(a)  

- These are acquired directly by the researcher from the source.

(a)  

– These are acquired from reading printed materials or having an access in the

internet. It is considered secondary since the data have been published already and to acquire these,

there are media to be used.

(a)  

– the totality of the individuals

(a)  

– the desired population to be used in a particular research study

(a)  

– the number of respondents

(a)  

– the group of people who will give a relevant response to a given research problem

in a specified time

(a)  

– Deals with selecting respondents based on the subject of the study and the

relevance of those respondents to the study the researchers are conducting.

(a)  

– This sampling focuses on selecting an equally distributed representation of a

class.

(a)  

– This is also called area sampling by which the geographical location is very much

important in selecting respondents.

(a)  

– any measuring tool to be used in a research study

(a)  

– a form by which respondents set to answer pre-determined questions arranged in a

particular scheme. Usually, it is used in quantitative research.

(a)  

- a formal/ organized way of questions given toa few people, specifically

respondents are being asked to state their opinions and/or ideas about a particular phenomenon. It

can either be in a form of journals, field notes, and interview guide question.

(a)  

– deals with the extent of what supposed to be measured is being determined

(a)  

– deals with the consistency of data results

(a)  

- if the data are near to what is being expected to achieve.

(a)  

– if two data sets can be generalized as one constructive and consolidated data

set.

(a)  

- a way of knowing the frequency of data by counting and grouping them into a given

data set.

(a)  

– a way of quantifying categories by means of using numbers

(a)  

– a way of recording, sorting out, classifying, and arranging data obtained into its respective

data set.

(a)  

– a way of showing and describing the data into an organized and presentable

manner using tables, graphs and charts

(a)  

– a type of presentation that focuses mainly on using words in explaining the

acquired data. It must be accompanied by tables and graphs.

(a)  

– a type of presentation that uses tables.

(a)  

– a type of presentation that uses graphs and charts.

(a)  

– consists of rows and columns

(a)  

– the horizontal part

(a)  

– the vertical part

(a)  

– the intersection of rows and columns

(a)  

– a visual representation that uses geometrical figures to show holistically the frequencies and

its variations and distributions.

(a)  

– a visual and statistical representation that shows the analytical aspects of frequencies

specifically trends and changes, which charts cannot do.

(a)  

– shows magnitude of the frequency, the frequency itself and the variations of

frequencies.

(a)  

– a bar graph that is showing variations of intervals and ranges and its structure is marked

by adjoining boxes.

(a)  

– a graph that shows continuity, trends, changes over a time period and/

or duration, it can progress or regress.

(a)  

- a graph that shows components, partition, composition and/or distribution.

(a)