cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids.

compound used by cells to store and release energy.

electron carrier involved in glycolysis.

first set of reactions in cellular respiration during which a molecule of

glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids.

light-absorbing molecules used by plants to gather the sun’s energy.

measure of heat energy in food; equivalent to 1000 calories.

principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms.

process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen.

process that does not require oxygen.

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food

molecules in the presence of oxygen.

process that requires oxygen.

process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy

and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich sugars.

saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts.

second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken

down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons

during ATP-generating reactions.

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from

ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar.

set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce

ATP and NADPH.

the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from

ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy sugars