Cylindrically shaped cell organelles found in animal cells that aid in forming a spindle during mitosis

The process that somatic cells go through in order to grow and to reproduce

A condensed region where sister chromatids (pairs of replicated chromosomes) are held together

The threadlike material made of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes

The last part of the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells

A cell formed by the division of another cell

The longest part of a cell cycle when the cell grows and develops, replicates its DNA, and makes proteins and RNA to prepare for cell division

The second stage of mitosis when the chromatids line up along the midline of the nucleus

Hollow rod-like structures that form a spindle during mitosis and aid in moving sister chromatids to opposite sides of the dividing cell

The part of the cell cycle when the nucleus divides

The first stage of mitosis when chromatin condenses and can be seen

To make an exact copy of

The two identical copies of a chromosome that are attached by the centromere

All the cells in the body except the sex cells; the cells that make up tissues and organs

The last phase of mitosis when new nuclear membranes are formed around each set of chromosomes

Programmed cell death

A disorder of the cell cycle that results in uncontrolled cell division and the formation of malignant tumors

Any substance that is directly involved in causing cancer; included certain chemicals. UV radiation, and even certain viruses

A control point in the cell cycle where stop signals can regulate the cell cycle

A section of DNA that gives a cell instructions for making a protein

The process of abnormal cancer cells breaking away from their home tissues and spreading to other parts of the body and forming new masses

A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene

A mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer

A mass of cells that is growing out of control

Type of reproduction that occurs when only one parent organism reproduces itself to form a genetically identical offspring

A type of asexual reproduction that occurs when a single-celled organism reproduces itself by replication its DNA and then dividing

A type of asexual reproduction that occurs when a group of cells grows on a parent organism and eventually detaches to become a separate organism

A type of asexual reproduction in which a small or broken piece from an organism develops into a new adult organism

Children; organisms produced or "born" to one or two parents

In plants, the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ

The regrowing of a missing body part

The production of offspring from one or two parent organisms

A tywp of asexual reproduction that occurs when a new plant grows from a part of the parent plant

The pairs of chromosomes that do not include the one pair of sex chromosomes and that do not determine gender

The exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis

Somatic cells produced through the process of mitosis that contain the full number of chromosomes for that organism; have a 2n number of chromosomes

Differences in the combination of genes passed from one generation to another

Sex cells produced through the process of meiosis that contain half the number of chromosomes for that organism; have an n number of chromosomes

The two chromosomes that make up each pair of human somatic cells (23 pairs for a total of 46 chromosomes in humans)

A type of chromosomal analysis that photographs and arranges chromosomes so that they can be visually inspected for defects

The process that forms the sex cells call gametes (ova and sperm cells)

A pair of chromosomes that determines gender (male or female)

Homologous chromosomes paired together side by side during meiosis

Process that creates different types of specialized cells

A type of sexual reproduction in which two parent organisms, usually bacteria, exchange genetic material; no offspring are produced but new combinations of genes are formed that can then be passed on to future offspring

The union of a male and a female gamete during sexual reproduction

Sex cell; sperm or egg cell

The production of ova (or eggs)

A cell produced during oogenesis that does not form a mature egg cell

Egg cells (or female gametes)

In plants, the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ

Type of reproduction that usually requires two parents to produce offspring that are not genetically identical to either parent

Sperm cells (or male gametes)

The production of sperm cells

Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into other types of specialized cells