PASSAGE Ill HUMANITlES: This passage is adapted from The Nature of Goodness by George Herbert Palmer @1903.

My reader may well feel that goodness is already the most familiar of all the thoughts we employ, and yet he may at the same time suspect that there is something about it perplexingly remote. Familiar it certainly is. It

5 attends all our wishes, acts, and protects as nothing else does so that no estimate of its influence can be excessive'. When we take a walk, read a book, pick out a dress, visit a friend, attend a concert, cast a vote, enter into business, we always do it in the hope of attaining

IO something good. Since they are so frequently encountering goodness, both laymen and scholars are apt to assume that it is altogether clear and requires no explanation. But the very reverse is the truth. Familiarity obscures. It breeds instincts and not understanding. So

15 woven has goodness become with the very web of life that it is hard to disentangle. Consequently, we employ the word or some synonym of it during pretty much every waking hour of our lives. Wishing some test of this frequency I turned

20 to Shakespeare, and found that he uses the word "good" fifteen hundred times, and its derivatives "goodness," "better," and "best," about as many more. He could not make men and women talk right without incessant reference to this concept.

25 How then do we employ the word "good"? I do not ask how we ought to employ it, but how we actually do. For the present, we shall be engaged in a psychological inquiry, not an ethical one. We need to get at the plain facts of usage. I will therefore ask each reader

30 to look into his own mind, see on what occasions he uses the word, and decide what meaning he attaches to it. Taking up a few of the simplest possible examples, we will through them inquire when and why we call things good.

35 Here is a knife. When is it a good knife? Why, a knife is made for something, for cutting. Whenever the knife slides evenly through a piece of wood, and with a minimum of effort on the part of him who steers it when there is no disposition of its edge to bend or

40 break, but only to do its appointed work effectively, then we know that a good knife is at work. Or, looking at the matter from another point of view, whenever the handle of the knife neatly fits the hand, following its lines and presenting no obstruction, we may say that

45 in these respects also the knife is a good knife. That is, the knife becomes good through adaptation to its work, an adaptation realized in its cutting of the wood and in its conformity to the hand. Its goodness always has reference to something outside itself, and is measured

50 by its performance of an external task. Or take something not so palpable. What glorious weather! When we woke this morning, drew aside our curtains and looked out, we said "It is a good day!" And of what qualities of the day were we thinking? We

55 meant, I suppose, that the day was well fitted to its various purposes. Intending to go to our office, we saw there was nothing to hinder our doing so. We knew that the streets would be clear, people in an amiable mood, business and social duties would move forward easily.

60 In fact, whatever our plans, in calling the day a good day we meant to speak of it as excellently adapted to something outside itself. A usage more curious still occurs in the nursery. There when the question is asked, "Has the baby

65 been good?" one discovers by degrees that the anxious mother wishes to know if it has been crying or quiet. This elementary life has as yet not acquired positive standards of measurement. It must be reckoned in negative terms, a failure to disturb.

70 This signification of goodness is lucidly put in the remark of Shakespeare's Portia, "Nothing I see is good without respect." We must have some respect or end in mind in reference to which the goodness is compared. Good always means good "for." That little preposition

75 cannot be absent from our minds, though it need not audibly be uttered. The knife is good for cutting and the day for business. Omit the "for," and goodness ceases. To be bad or good implies external reference. To be good means to be an efficient means; and the end to

80 be furthered must be already in mind before the word good is spoken. In short, whenever we inspect the usage of the word good, we always find behind it an implication of some end to be reached. Good is a relative term. The

85 good is the useful, and it must be useful for something. Silent or spoken, it is the mental reference to something else which puts all meaning into it. So Hamlet says, "There's nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." No new quality is added to an object or

90 act when it becomes good.

Question 2

The main idea of the sixth paragraph (lines 63-69) is that:

PASSAGE Ill HUMANITlES: This passage is adapted from The Nature of Goodness by George Herbert Palmer @1903.

My reader may well feel that goodness is already the most familiar of all the thoughts we employ, and yet he may at the same time suspect that there is something about it perplexingly remote. Familiar it certainly is. It

5 attends all our wishes, acts, and protects as nothing else does so that no estimate of its influence can be excessive'. When we take a walk, read a book, pick out a dress, visit a friend, attend a concert, cast a vote, enter into business, we always do it in the hope of attaining

IO something good. Since they are so frequently encountering goodness, both laymen and scholars are apt to assume that it is altogether clear and requires no explanation. But the very reverse is the truth. Familiarity obscures. It breeds instincts and not understanding. So

15 woven has goodness become with the very web of life that it is hard to disentangle. Consequently, we employ the word or some synonym of it during pretty much every waking hour of our lives. Wishing some test of this frequency I turned

20 to Shakespeare, and found that he uses the word "good" fifteen hundred times, and its derivatives "goodness," "better," and "best," about as many more. He could not make men and women talk right without incessant reference to this concept.

25 How then do we employ the word "good"? I do not ask how we ought to employ it, but how we actually do. For the present, we shall be engaged in a psychological inquiry, not an ethical one. We need to get at the plain facts of usage. I will therefore ask each reader

30 to look into his own mind, see on what occasions he uses the word, and decide what meaning he attaches to it. Taking up a few of the simplest possible examples, we will through them inquire when and why we call things good.

35 Here is a knife. When is it a good knife? Why, a knife is made for something, for cutting. Whenever the knife slides evenly through a piece of wood, and with a minimum of effort on the part of him who steers it when there is no disposition of its edge to bend or

40 break, but only to do its appointed work effectively, then we know that a good knife is at work. Or, looking at the matter from another point of view, whenever the handle of the knife neatly fits the hand, following its lines and presenting no obstruction, we may say that

45 in these respects also the knife is a good knife. That is, the knife becomes good through adaptation to its work, an adaptation realized in its cutting of the wood and in its conformity to the hand. Its goodness always has reference to something outside itself, and is measured

50 by its performance of an external task. Or take something not so palpable. What glorious weather! When we woke this morning, drew aside our curtains and looked out, we said "It is a good day!" And of what qualities of the day were we thinking? We

55 meant, I suppose, that the day was well fitted to its various purposes. Intending to go to our office, we saw there was nothing to hinder our doing so. We knew that the streets would be clear, people in an amiable mood, business and social duties would move forward easily.

60 In fact, whatever our plans, in calling the day a good day we meant to speak of it as excellently adapted to something outside itself. A usage more curious still occurs in the nursery. There when the question is asked, "Has the baby

65 been good?" one discovers by degrees that the anxious mother wishes to know if it has been crying or quiet. This elementary life has as yet not acquired positive standards of measurement. It must be reckoned in negative terms, a failure to disturb.

70 This signification of goodness is lucidly put in the remark of Shakespeare's Portia, "Nothing I see is good without respect." We must have some respect or end in mind in reference to which the goodness is compared. Good always means good "for." That little preposition

75 cannot be absent from our minds, though it need not audibly be uttered. The knife is good for cutting and the day for business. Omit the "for," and goodness ceases. To be bad or good implies external reference. To be good means to be an efficient means; and the end to

80 be furthered must be already in mind before the word good is spoken. In short, whenever we inspect the usage of the word good, we always find behind it an implication of some end to be reached. Good is a relative term. The

85 good is the useful, and it must be useful for something. Silent or spoken, it is the mental reference to something else which puts all meaning into it. So Hamlet says, "There's nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." No new quality is added to an object or

90 act when it becomes good.

Question 3

According to the passage, why does the author concern himself with Shakespeare's usage of the word good?

PASSAGE Ill HUMANITlES: This passage is adapted from The Nature of Goodness by George Herbert Palmer @1903.

My reader may well feel that goodness is already the most familiar of all the thoughts we employ, and yet he may at the same time suspect that there is something about it perplexingly remote. Familiar it certainly is. It

5 attends all our wishes, acts, and protects as nothing else does so that no estimate of its influence can be excessive'. When we take a walk, read a book, pick out a dress, visit a friend, attend a concert, cast a vote, enter into business, we always do it in the hope of attaining

IO something good. Since they are so frequently encountering goodness, both laymen and scholars are apt to assume that it is altogether clear and requires no explanation. But the very reverse is the truth. Familiarity obscures. It breeds instincts and not understanding. So

15 woven has goodness become with the very web of life that it is hard to disentangle. Consequently, we employ the word or some synonym of it during pretty much every waking hour of our lives. Wishing some test of this frequency I turned

20 to Shakespeare, and found that he uses the word "good" fifteen hundred times, and its derivatives "goodness," "better," and "best," about as many more. He could not make men and women talk right without incessant reference to this concept.

25 How then do we employ the word "good"? I do not ask how we ought to employ it, but how we actually do. For the present, we shall be engaged in a psychological inquiry, not an ethical one. We need to get at the plain facts of usage. I will therefore ask each reader

30 to look into his own mind, see on what occasions he uses the word, and decide what meaning he attaches to it. Taking up a few of the simplest possible examples, we will through them inquire when and why we call things good.

35 Here is a knife. When is it a good knife? Why, a knife is made for something, for cutting. Whenever the knife slides evenly through a piece of wood, and with a minimum of effort on the part of him who steers it when there is no disposition of its edge to bend or

40 break, but only to do its appointed work effectively, then we know that a good knife is at work. Or, looking at the matter from another point of view, whenever the handle of the knife neatly fits the hand, following its lines and presenting no obstruction, we may say that

45 in these respects also the knife is a good knife. That is, the knife becomes good through adaptation to its work, an adaptation realized in its cutting of the wood and in its conformity to the hand. Its goodness always has reference to something outside itself, and is measured

50 by its performance of an external task. Or take something not so palpable. What glorious weather! When we woke this morning, drew aside our curtains and looked out, we said "It is a good day!" And of what qualities of the day were we thinking? We

55 meant, I suppose, that the day was well fitted to its various purposes. Intending to go to our office, we saw there was nothing to hinder our doing so. We knew that the streets would be clear, people in an amiable mood, business and social duties would move forward easily.

60 In fact, whatever our plans, in calling the day a good day we meant to speak of it as excellently adapted to something outside itself. A usage more curious still occurs in the nursery. There when the question is asked, "Has the baby

65 been good?" one discovers by degrees that the anxious mother wishes to know if it has been crying or quiet. This elementary life has as yet not acquired positive standards of measurement. It must be reckoned in negative terms, a failure to disturb.

70 This signification of goodness is lucidly put in the remark of Shakespeare's Portia, "Nothing I see is good without respect." We must have some respect or end in mind in reference to which the goodness is compared. Good always means good "for." That little preposition

75 cannot be absent from our minds, though it need not audibly be uttered. The knife is good for cutting and the day for business. Omit the "for," and goodness ceases. To be bad or good implies external reference. To be good means to be an efficient means; and the end to

80 be furthered must be already in mind before the word good is spoken. In short, whenever we inspect the usage of the word good, we always find behind it an implication of some end to be reached. Good is a relative term. The

85 good is the useful, and it must be useful for something. Silent or spoken, it is the mental reference to something else which puts all meaning into it. So Hamlet says, "There's nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." No new quality is added to an object or

90 act when it becomes good.

Question 4

The author of the passage asserts that the weather and a knife are similar because:

PASSAGE Ill HUMANITlES: This passage is adapted from The Nature of Goodness by George Herbert Palmer @1903.

My reader may well feel that goodness is already the most familiar of all the thoughts we employ, and yet he may at the same time suspect that there is something about it perplexingly remote. Familiar it certainly is. It

5 attends all our wishes, acts, and protects as nothing else does so that no estimate of its influence can be excessive'. When we take a walk, read a book, pick out a dress, visit a friend, attend a concert, cast a vote, enter into business, we always do it in the hope of attaining

IO something good. Since they are so frequently encountering goodness, both laymen and scholars are apt to assume that it is altogether clear and requires no explanation. But the very reverse is the truth. Familiarity obscures. It breeds instincts and not understanding. So

15 woven has goodness become with the very web of life that it is hard to disentangle. Consequently, we employ the word or some synonym of it during pretty much every waking hour of our lives. Wishing some test of this frequency I turned

20 to Shakespeare, and found that he uses the word "good" fifteen hundred times, and its derivatives "goodness," "better," and "best," about as many more. He could not make men and women talk right without incessant reference to this concept.

25 How then do we employ the word "good"? I do not ask how we ought to employ it, but how we actually do. For the present, we shall be engaged in a psychological inquiry, not an ethical one. We need to get at the plain facts of usage. I will therefore ask each reader

30 to look into his own mind, see on what occasions he uses the word, and decide what meaning he attaches to it. Taking up a few of the simplest possible examples, we will through them inquire when and why we call things good.

35 Here is a knife. When is it a good knife? Why, a knife is made for something, for cutting. Whenever the knife slides evenly through a piece of wood, and with a minimum of effort on the part of him who steers it when there is no disposition of its edge to bend or

40 break, but only to do its appointed work effectively, then we know that a good knife is at work. Or, looking at the matter from another point of view, whenever the handle of the knife neatly fits the hand, following its lines and presenting no obstruction, we may say that

45 in these respects also the knife is a good knife. That is, the knife becomes good through adaptation to its work, an adaptation realized in its cutting of the wood and in its conformity to the hand. Its goodness always has reference to something outside itself, and is measured

50 by its performance of an external task. Or take something not so palpable. What glorious weather! When we woke this morning, drew aside our curtains and looked out, we said "It is a good day!" And of what qualities of the day were we thinking? We

55 meant, I suppose, that the day was well fitted to its various purposes. Intending to go to our office, we saw there was nothing to hinder our doing so. We knew that the streets would be clear, people in an amiable mood, business and social duties would move forward easily.

60 In fact, whatever our plans, in calling the day a good day we meant to speak of it as excellently adapted to something outside itself. A usage more curious still occurs in the nursery. There when the question is asked, "Has the baby

65 been good?" one discovers by degrees that the anxious mother wishes to know if it has been crying or quiet. This elementary life has as yet not acquired positive standards of measurement. It must be reckoned in negative terms, a failure to disturb.

70 This signification of goodness is lucidly put in the remark of Shakespeare's Portia, "Nothing I see is good without respect." We must have some respect or end in mind in reference to which the goodness is compared. Good always means good "for." That little preposition

75 cannot be absent from our minds, though it need not audibly be uttered. The knife is good for cutting and the day for business. Omit the "for," and goodness ceases. To be bad or good implies external reference. To be good means to be an efficient means; and the end to

80 be furthered must be already in mind before the word good is spoken. In short, whenever we inspect the usage of the word good, we always find behind it an implication of some end to be reached. Good is a relative term. The

85 good is the useful, and it must be useful for something. Silent or spoken, it is the mental reference to something else which puts all meaning into it. So Hamlet says, "There's nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." No new quality is added to an object or

90 act when it becomes good.

Question 5

As it is used in line 70, the word lucidly most nearly means:

PASSAGE Ill HUMANITlES: This passage is adapted from The Nature of Goodness by George Herbert Palmer @1903.

My reader may well feel that goodness is already the most familiar of all the thoughts we employ, and yet he may at the same time suspect that there is something about it perplexingly remote. Familiar it certainly is. It

5 attends all our wishes, acts, and protects as nothing else does so that no estimate of its influence can be excessive'. When we take a walk, read a book, pick out a dress, visit a friend, attend a concert, cast a vote, enter into business, we always do it in the hope of attaining

IO something good. Since they are so frequently encountering goodness, both laymen and scholars are apt to assume that it is altogether clear and requires no explanation. But the very reverse is the truth. Familiarity obscures. It breeds instincts and not understanding. So

15 woven has goodness become with the very web of life that it is hard to disentangle. Consequently, we employ the word or some synonym of it during pretty much every waking hour of our lives. Wishing some test of this frequency I turned

20 to Shakespeare, and found that he uses the word "good" fifteen hundred times, and its derivatives "goodness," "better," and "best," about as many more. He could not make men and women talk right without incessant reference to this concept.

25 How then do we employ the word "good"? I do not ask how we ought to employ it, but how we actually do. For the present, we shall be engaged in a psychological inquiry, not an ethical one. We need to get at the plain facts of usage. I will therefore ask each reader

30 to look into his own mind, see on what occasions he uses the word, and decide what meaning he attaches to it. Taking up a few of the simplest possible examples, we will through them inquire when and why we call things good.

35 Here is a knife. When is it a good knife? Why, a knife is made for something, for cutting. Whenever the knife slides evenly through a piece of wood, and with a minimum of effort on the part of him who steers it when there is no disposition of its edge to bend or

40 break, but only to do its appointed work effectively, then we know that a good knife is at work. Or, looking at the matter from another point of view, whenever the handle of the knife neatly fits the hand, following its lines and presenting no obstruction, we may say that

45 in these respects also the knife is a good knife. That is, the knife becomes good through adaptation to its work, an adaptation realized in its cutting of the wood and in its conformity to the hand. Its goodness always has reference to something outside itself, and is measured

50 by its performance of an external task. Or take something not so palpable. What glorious weather! When we woke this morning, drew aside our curtains and looked out, we said "It is a good day!" And of what qualities of the day were we thinking? We

55 meant, I suppose, that the day was well fitted to its various purposes. Intending to go to our office, we saw there was nothing to hinder our doing so. We knew that the streets would be clear, people in an amiable mood, business and social duties would move forward easily.

60 In fact, whatever our plans, in calling the day a good day we meant to speak of it as excellently adapted to something outside itself. A usage more curious still occurs in the nursery. There when the question is asked, "Has the baby

65 been good?" one discovers by degrees that the anxious mother wishes to know if it has been crying or quiet. This elementary life has as yet not acquired positive standards of measurement. It must be reckoned in negative terms, a failure to disturb.

70 This signification of goodness is lucidly put in the remark of Shakespeare's Portia, "Nothing I see is good without respect." We must have some respect or end in mind in reference to which the goodness is compared. Good always means good "for." That little preposition

75 cannot be absent from our minds, though it need not audibly be uttered. The knife is good for cutting and the day for business. Omit the "for," and goodness ceases. To be bad or good implies external reference. To be good means to be an efficient means; and the end to

80 be furthered must be already in mind before the word good is spoken. In short, whenever we inspect the usage of the word good, we always find behind it an implication of some end to be reached. Good is a relative term. The

85 good is the useful, and it must be useful for something. Silent or spoken, it is the mental reference to something else which puts all meaning into it. So Hamlet says, "There's nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." No new quality is added to an object or

90 act when it becomes good.

Question 6

The author argues that a knife may be described as good:

PASSAGE Ill HUMANITlES: This passage is adapted from The Nature of Goodness by George Herbert Palmer @1903.

My reader may well feel that goodness is already the most familiar of all the thoughts we employ, and yet he may at the same time suspect that there is something about it perplexingly remote. Familiar it certainly is. It

5 attends all our wishes, acts, and protects as nothing else does so that no estimate of its influence can be excessive'. When we take a walk, read a book, pick out a dress, visit a friend, attend a concert, cast a vote, enter into business, we always do it in the hope of attaining

IO something good. Since they are so frequently encountering goodness, both laymen and scholars are apt to assume that it is altogether clear and requires no explanation. But the very reverse is the truth. Familiarity obscures. It breeds instincts and not understanding. So

15 woven has goodness become with the very web of life that it is hard to disentangle. Consequently, we employ the word or some synonym of it during pretty much every waking hour of our lives. Wishing some test of this frequency I turned

20 to Shakespeare, and found that he uses the word "good" fifteen hundred times, and its derivatives "goodness," "better," and "best," about as many more. He could not make men and women talk right without incessant reference to this concept.

25 How then do we employ the word "good"? I do not ask how we ought to employ it, but how we actually do. For the present, we shall be engaged in a psychological inquiry, not an ethical one. We need to get at the plain facts of usage. I will therefore ask each reader

30 to look into his own mind, see on what occasions he uses the word, and decide what meaning he attaches to it. Taking up a few of the simplest possible examples, we will through them inquire when and why we call things good.

35 Here is a knife. When is it a good knife? Why, a knife is made for something, for cutting. Whenever the knife slides evenly through a piece of wood, and with a minimum of effort on the part of him who steers it when there is no disposition of its edge to bend or

40 break, but only to do its appointed work effectively, then we know that a good knife is at work. Or, looking at the matter from another point of view, whenever the handle of the knife neatly fits the hand, following its lines and presenting no obstruction, we may say that

45 in these respects also the knife is a good knife. That is, the knife becomes good through adaptation to its work, an adaptation realized in its cutting of the wood and in its conformity to the hand. Its goodness always has reference to something outside itself, and is measured

50 by its performance of an external task. Or take something not so palpable. What glorious weather! When we woke this morning, drew aside our curtains and looked out, we said "It is a good day!" And of what qualities of the day were we thinking? We

55 meant, I suppose, that the day was well fitted to its various purposes. Intending to go to our office, we saw there was nothing to hinder our doing so. We knew that the streets would be clear, people in an amiable mood, business and social duties would move forward easily.

60 In fact, whatever our plans, in calling the day a good day we meant to speak of it as excellently adapted to something outside itself. A usage more curious still occurs in the nursery. There when the question is asked, "Has the baby

65 been good?" one discovers by degrees that the anxious mother wishes to know if it has been crying or quiet. This elementary life has as yet not acquired positive standards of measurement. It must be reckoned in negative terms, a failure to disturb.

70 This signification of goodness is lucidly put in the remark of Shakespeare's Portia, "Nothing I see is good without respect." We must have some respect or end in mind in reference to which the goodness is compared. Good always means good "for." That little preposition

75 cannot be absent from our minds, though it need not audibly be uttered. The knife is good for cutting and the day for business. Omit the "for," and goodness ceases. To be bad or good implies external reference. To be good means to be an efficient means; and the end to

80 be furthered must be already in mind before the word good is spoken. In short, whenever we inspect the usage of the word good, we always find behind it an implication of some end to be reached. Good is a relative term. The

85 good is the useful, and it must be useful for something. Silent or spoken, it is the mental reference to something else which puts all meaning into it. So Hamlet says, "There's nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." No new quality is added to an object or

90 act when it becomes good.

Question 7

As it is used in the passage, the word palpable most nearly means:

PASSAGE Ill HUMANITlES: This passage is adapted from The Nature of Goodness by George Herbert Palmer @1903.

My reader may well feel that goodness is already the most familiar of all the thoughts we employ, and yet he may at the same time suspect that there is something about it perplexingly remote. Familiar it certainly is. It

5 attends all our wishes, acts, and protects as nothing else does so that no estimate of its influence can be excessive'. When we take a walk, read a book, pick out a dress, visit a friend, attend a concert, cast a vote, enter into business, we always do it in the hope of attaining

IO something good. Since they are so frequently encountering goodness, both laymen and scholars are apt to assume that it is altogether clear and requires no explanation. But the very reverse is the truth. Familiarity obscures. It breeds instincts and not understanding. So

15 woven has goodness become with the very web of life that it is hard to disentangle. Consequently, we employ the word or some synonym of it during pretty much every waking hour of our lives. Wishing some test of this frequency I turned

20 to Shakespeare, and found that he uses the word "good" fifteen hundred times, and its derivatives "goodness," "better," and "best," about as many more. He could not make men and women talk right without incessant reference to this concept.

25 How then do we employ the word "good"? I do not ask how we ought to employ it, but how we actually do. For the present, we shall be engaged in a psychological inquiry, not an ethical one. We need to get at the plain facts of usage. I will therefore ask each reader

30 to look into his own mind, see on what occasions he uses the word, and decide what meaning he attaches to it. Taking up a few of the simplest possible examples, we will through them inquire when and why we call things good.

35 Here is a knife. When is it a good knife? Why, a knife is made for something, for cutting. Whenever the knife slides evenly through a piece of wood, and with a minimum of effort on the part of him who steers it when there is no disposition of its edge to bend or

40 break, but only to do its appointed work effectively, then we know that a good knife is at work. Or, looking at the matter from another point of view, whenever the handle of the knife neatly fits the hand, following its lines and presenting no obstruction, we may say that

45 in these respects also the knife is a good knife. That is, the knife becomes good through adaptation to its work, an adaptation realized in its cutting of the wood and in its conformity to the hand. Its goodness always has reference to something outside itself, and is measured

50 by its performance of an external task. Or take something not so palpable. What glorious weather! When we woke this morning, drew aside our curtains and looked out, we said "It is a good day!" And of what qualities of the day were we thinking? We

55 meant, I suppose, that the day was well fitted to its various purposes. Intending to go to our office, we saw there was nothing to hinder our doing so. We knew that the streets would be clear, people in an amiable mood, business and social duties would move forward easily.

60 In fact, whatever our plans, in calling the day a good day we meant to speak of it as excellently adapted to something outside itself. A usage more curious still occurs in the nursery. There when the question is asked, "Has the baby

65 been good?" one discovers by degrees that the anxious mother wishes to know if it has been crying or quiet. This elementary life has as yet not acquired positive standards of measurement. It must be reckoned in negative terms, a failure to disturb.

70 This signification of goodness is lucidly put in the remark of Shakespeare's Portia, "Nothing I see is good without respect." We must have some respect or end in mind in reference to which the goodness is compared. Good always means good "for." That little preposition

75 cannot be absent from our minds, though it need not audibly be uttered. The knife is good for cutting and the day for business. Omit the "for," and goodness ceases. To be bad or good implies external reference. To be good means to be an efficient means; and the end to

80 be furthered must be already in mind before the word good is spoken. In short, whenever we inspect the usage of the word good, we always find behind it an implication of some end to be reached. Good is a relative term. The

85 good is the useful, and it must be useful for something. Silent or spoken, it is the mental reference to something else which puts all meaning into it. So Hamlet says, "There's nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." No new quality is added to an object or

90 act when it becomes good.

Question 8

The main argument that the author tries to make in the seventh paragraph (lines 70--81) is that:

PASSAGE Ill HUMANITlES: This passage is adapted from The Nature of Goodness by George Herbert Palmer @1903.

My reader may well feel that goodness is already the most familiar of all the thoughts we employ, and yet he may at the same time suspect that there is something about it perplexingly remote. Familiar it certainly is. It

5 attends all our wishes, acts, and protects as nothing else does so that no estimate of its influence can be excessive'. When we take a walk, read a book, pick out a dress, visit a friend, attend a concert, cast a vote, enter into business, we always do it in the hope of attaining

IO something good. Since they are so frequently encountering goodness, both laymen and scholars are apt to assume that it is altogether clear and requires no explanation. But the very reverse is the truth. Familiarity obscures. It breeds instincts and not understanding. So

15 woven has goodness become with the very web of life that it is hard to disentangle. Consequently, we employ the word or some synonym of it during pretty much every waking hour of our lives. Wishing some test of this frequency I turned

20 to Shakespeare, and found that he uses the word "good" fifteen hundred times, and its derivatives "goodness," "better," and "best," about as many more. He could not make men and women talk right without incessant reference to this concept.

25 How then do we employ the word "good"? I do not ask how we ought to employ it, but how we actually do. For the present, we shall be engaged in a psychological inquiry, not an ethical one. We need to get at the plain facts of usage. I will therefore ask each reader

30 to look into his own mind, see on what occasions he uses the word, and decide what meaning he attaches to it. Taking up a few of the simplest possible examples, we will through them inquire when and why we call things good.

35 Here is a knife. When is it a good knife? Why, a knife is made for something, for cutting. Whenever the knife slides evenly through a piece of wood, and with a minimum of effort on the part of him who steers it when there is no disposition of its edge to bend or

40 break, but only to do its appointed work effectively, then we know that a good knife is at work. Or, looking at the matter from another point of view, whenever the handle of the knife neatly fits the hand, following its lines and presenting no obstruction, we may say that

45 in these respects also the knife is a good knife. That is, the knife becomes good through adaptation to its work, an adaptation realized in its cutting of the wood and in its conformity to the hand. Its goodness always has reference to something outside itself, and is measured

50 by its performance of an external task. Or take something not so palpable. What glorious weather! When we woke this morning, drew aside our curtains and looked out, we said "It is a good day!" And of what qualities of the day were we thinking? We

55 meant, I suppose, that the day was well fitted to its various purposes. Intending to go to our office, we saw there was nothing to hinder our doing so. We knew that the streets would be clear, people in an amiable mood, business and social duties would move forward easily.

60 In fact, whatever our plans, in calling the day a good day we meant to speak of it as excellently adapted to something outside itself. A usage more curious still occurs in the nursery. There when the question is asked, "Has the baby

65 been good?" one discovers by degrees that the anxious mother wishes to know if it has been crying or quiet. This elementary life has as yet not acquired positive standards of measurement. It must be reckoned in negative terms, a failure to disturb.

70 This signification of goodness is lucidly put in the remark of Shakespeare's Portia, "Nothing I see is good without respect." We must have some respect or end in mind in reference to which the goodness is compared. Good always means good "for." That little preposition

75 cannot be absent from our minds, though it need not audibly be uttered. The knife is good for cutting and the day for business. Omit the "for," and goodness ceases. To be bad or good implies external reference. To be good means to be an efficient means; and the end to

80 be furthered must be already in mind before the word good is spoken. In short, whenever we inspect the usage of the word good, we always find behind it an implication of some end to be reached. Good is a relative term. The

85 good is the useful, and it must be useful for something. Silent or spoken, it is the mental reference to something else which puts all meaning into it. So Hamlet says, "There's nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." No new quality is added to an object or

90 act when it becomes good.

Question 9

It can � reasonably infermi from the passage that the author would agree that the word good actually means:

PASSAGE Ill HUMANITlES: This passage is adapted from The Nature of Goodness by George Herbert Palmer @1903.

My reader may well feel that goodness is already the most familiar of all the thoughts we employ, and yet he may at the same time suspect that there is something about it perplexingly remote. Familiar it certainly is. It

5 attends all our wishes, acts, and protects as nothing else does so that no estimate of its influence can be excessive'. When we take a walk, read a book, pick out a dress, visit a friend, attend a concert, cast a vote, enter into business, we always do it in the hope of attaining

IO something good. Since they are so frequently encountering goodness, both laymen and scholars are apt to assume that it is altogether clear and requires no explanation. But the very reverse is the truth. Familiarity obscures. It breeds instincts and not understanding. So

15 woven has goodness become with the very web of life that it is hard to disentangle. Consequently, we employ the word or some synonym of it during pretty much every waking hour of our lives. Wishing some test of this frequency I turned

20 to Shakespeare, and found that he uses the word "good" fifteen hundred times, and its derivatives "goodness," "better," and "best," about as many more. He could not make men and women talk right without incessant reference to this concept.

25 How then do we employ the word "good"? I do not ask how we ought to employ it, but how we actually do. For the present, we shall be engaged in a psychological inquiry, not an ethical one. We need to get at the plain facts of usage. I will therefore ask each reader

30 to look into his own mind, see on what occasions he uses the word, and decide what meaning he attaches to it. Taking up a few of the simplest possible examples, we will through them inquire when and why we call things good.

35 Here is a knife. When is it a good knife? Why, a knife is made for something, for cutting. Whenever the knife slides evenly through a piece of wood, and with a minimum of effort on the part of him who steers it when there is no disposition of its edge to bend or

40 break, but only to do its appointed work effectively, then we know that a good knife is at work. Or, looking at the matter from another point of view, whenever the handle of the knife neatly fits the hand, following its lines and presenting no obstruction, we may say that

45 in these respects also the knife is a good knife. That is, the knife becomes good through adaptation to its work, an adaptation realized in its cutting of the wood and in its conformity to the hand. Its goodness always has reference to something outside itself, and is measured

50 by its performance of an external task. Or take something not so palpable. What glorious weather! When we woke this morning, drew aside our curtains and looked out, we said "It is a good day!" And of what qualities of the day were we thinking? We

55 meant, I suppose, that the day was well fitted to its various purposes. Intending to go to our office, we saw there was nothing to hinder our doing so. We knew that the streets would be clear, people in an amiable mood, business and social duties would move forward easily.

60 In fact, whatever our plans, in calling the day a good day we meant to speak of it as excellently adapted to something outside itself. A usage more curious still occurs in the nursery. There when the question is asked, "Has the baby

65 been good?" one discovers by degrees that the anxious mother wishes to know if it has been crying or quiet. This elementary life has as yet not acquired positive standards of measurement. It must be reckoned in negative terms, a failure to disturb.

70 This signification of goodness is lucidly put in the remark of Shakespeare's Portia, "Nothing I see is good without respect." We must have some respect or end in mind in reference to which the goodness is compared. Good always means good "for." That little preposition

75 cannot be absent from our minds, though it need not audibly be uttered. The knife is good for cutting and the day for business. Omit the "for," and goodness ceases. To be bad or good implies external reference. To be good means to be an efficient means; and the end to

80 be furthered must be already in mind before the word good is spoken. In short, whenever we inspect the usage of the word good, we always find behind it an implication of some end to be reached. Good is a relative term. The

85 good is the useful, and it must be useful for something. Silent or spoken, it is the mental reference to something else which puts all meaning into it. So Hamlet says, "There's nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." No new quality is added to an object or

90 act when it becomes good.

Question 10

When, referring to the role of goodness in life, the author states, "no estimate of its influence can be excessive" (Jines 6-7), he most likely means that:

PASSAGE IV NATURAL SCIENCE: The Armored Armadillo Meandering along the shoulder of the highway, the armadillo is surprisingly unaffected by its surroundings. This nomad of the desert appears to have no cares in the world, and really, why should it, when it carries

5 on its back a natural suit of armor? The armadillo looks far more awkward than do most animals, yet this alien creature handles itself remarkably well. For such a small animal, the armadillo can withstand a surprising amount of aggression from most predators. Although

10 its shell is far from impenetrable, the armadillo can rest assured that it is safer than many animals who wander the Texas roads. The Dasypus novemcinctus, or nine-banded armadillo, is characterized by the bands that arch across

15 its back. The bands are made of bony plates and are covered with leathery skin--these plates, in fact cover the animal's back, sides, tail, and the top of its head, creating a somewhat turtle-like shell. The interesting thing about the nine-banded armadillo is

20 that the number of bands on its back may be anywhere between seven and eleven; nine is just the most common number. Contrary to popular belief, only one species of armadillo can roll itself into a ball; the three-banded armadillo does this as its primary defense

25 against predators. Other armadillos often scurry under thorn bushes, rather like tanks strengthening their position. Armadillos are, on average, two and a half feet long and they typically weigh between eight and

30 sixteen pounds, although across different species those numbers can vary dramatically. Nine-banded females give birth once a year, generally to four identical young, which come from a single fertilized egg. The ninebanded annadillo is the only species of animal in which

35 this remarkable trait occurs. The four-month-long gestation period is more than enough time for the offspring to develop, as they are born fully formed with their eyes open. After a few hours, they begin to walk and are able to distance themselves from their mothers after only a

40 few months. Few animals are able to outrun a startled armadillo, and if chased into its burrow. the animal is able to arch its armor against the burrow walls, making the armadillo nearly impossible to become dislodged; this is quite frustrating to dogs and other animals who

45 would like to eat the armadillo. In addition to threats of being eaten by an opportunistic predator, the armadillo must also endure a more severe danger: automobiles. A significant number of armadillos die each year after being struck by cars.

50 Armadillos can be found in the northern parts of South America and as far north as the State of Texas. Nine-banded armadillos prefer warm climates and like to build burrows in the wet soil near streambeds, which they often share with other species, such as rabbits and

55 opossums. Armadillos are nocturnal, and they spend their evenings digging for grubs and other invertebrates which make up the majority of their diet. Most Texans see the armadillo as a pest, since the creatures have a tendency to ruin corn by eating the

60 parts of the plants that are low to the ground; they occasionally will eat other farm vegetables as well. Armadillos provide some benefits however, as they eat many annoying and harmful insects and are often used in medical research. Interestingly enough, they are the

65 only mammal besides humans that can contract leprosy. While armadillos are seen as strange and often troublesome animals, they are unique and valuable for research. This armored native of the south will most likely continue to fascinate and charm people for many

70 years to come.

Question 1

The author likens armadillos scurrying under thorn bushes to "tanks strengthening their position" in Paragraph 2 because:

PASSAGE IV NATURAL SCIENCE: The Armored Armadillo Meandering along the shoulder of the highway, the armadillo is surprisingly unaffected by its surroundings. This nomad of the desert appears to have no cares in the world, and really, why should it, when it carries

5 on its back a natural suit of armor? The armadillo looks far more awkward than do most animals, yet this alien creature handles itself remarkably well. For such a small animal, the armadillo can withstand a surprising amount of aggression from most predators. Although

10 its shell is far from impenetrable, the armadillo can rest assured that it is safer than many animals who wander the Texas roads. The Dasypus novemcinctus, or nine-banded armadillo, is characterized by the bands that arch across

15 its back. The bands are made of bony plates and are covered with leathery skin--these plates, in fact cover the animal's back, sides, tail, and the top of its head, creating a somewhat turtle-like shell. The interesting thing about the nine-banded armadillo is

20 that the number of bands on its back may be anywhere between seven and eleven; nine is just the most common number. Contrary to popular belief, only one species of armadillo can roll itself into a ball; the three-banded armadillo does this as its primary defense

25 against predators. Other armadillos often scurry under thorn bushes, rather like tanks strengthening their position. Armadillos are, on average, two and a half feet long and they typically weigh between eight and

30 sixteen pounds, although across different species those numbers can vary dramatically. Nine-banded females give birth once a year, generally to four identical young, which come from a single fertilized egg. The ninebanded annadillo is the only species of animal in which

35 this remarkable trait occurs. The four-month-long gestation period is more than enough time for the offspring to develop, as they are born fully formed with their eyes open. After a few hours, they begin to walk and are able to distance themselves from their mothers after only a

40 few months. Few animals are able to outrun a startled armadillo, and if chased into its burrow. the animal is able to arch its armor against the burrow walls, making the armadillo nearly impossible to become dislodged; this is quite frustrating to dogs and other animals who

45 would like to eat the armadillo. In addition to threats of being eaten by an opportunistic predator, the armadillo must also endure a more severe danger: automobiles. A significant number of armadillos die each year after being struck by cars.

50 Armadillos can be found in the northern parts of South America and as far north as the State of Texas. Nine-banded armadillos prefer warm climates and like to build burrows in the wet soil near streambeds, which they often share with other species, such as rabbits and

55 opossums. Armadillos are nocturnal, and they spend their evenings digging for grubs and other invertebrates which make up the majority of their diet. Most Texans see the armadillo as a pest, since the creatures have a tendency to ruin corn by eating the

60 parts of the plants that are low to the ground; they occasionally will eat other farm vegetables as well. Armadillos provide some benefits however, as they eat many annoying and harmful insects and are often used in medical research. Interestingly enough, they are the

65 only mammal besides humans that can contract leprosy. While armadillos are seen as strange and often troublesome animals, they are unique and valuable for research. This armored native of the south will most likely continue to fascinate and charm people for many

70 years to come.

Question 2

The author calls the armadillo an "alien creature" in the first paragraph because:

PASSAGE IV NATURAL SCIENCE: The Armored Armadillo Meandering along the shoulder of the highway, the armadillo is surprisingly unaffected by its surroundings. This nomad of the desert appears to have no cares in the world, and really, why should it, when it carries

5 on its back a natural suit of armor? The armadillo looks far more awkward than do most animals, yet this alien creature handles itself remarkably well. For such a small animal, the armadillo can withstand a surprising amount of aggression from most predators. Although

10 its shell is far from impenetrable, the armadillo can rest assured that it is safer than many animals who wander the Texas roads. The Dasypus novemcinctus, or nine-banded armadillo, is characterized by the bands that arch across

15 its back. The bands are made of bony plates and are covered with leathery skin--these plates, in fact cover the animal's back, sides, tail, and the top of its head, creating a somewhat turtle-like shell. The interesting thing about the nine-banded armadillo is

20 that the number of bands on its back may be anywhere between seven and eleven; nine is just the most common number. Contrary to popular belief, only one species of armadillo can roll itself into a ball; the three-banded armadillo does this as its primary defense

25 against predators. Other armadillos often scurry under thorn bushes, rather like tanks strengthening their position. Armadillos are, on average, two and a half feet long and they typically weigh between eight and

30 sixteen pounds, although across different species those numbers can vary dramatically. Nine-banded females give birth once a year, generally to four identical young, which come from a single fertilized egg. The ninebanded annadillo is the only species of animal in which

35 this remarkable trait occurs. The four-month-long gestation period is more than enough time for the offspring to develop, as they are born fully formed with their eyes open. After a few hours, they begin to walk and are able to distance themselves from their mothers after only a

40 few months. Few animals are able to outrun a startled armadillo, and if chased into its burrow. the animal is able to arch its armor against the burrow walls, making the armadillo nearly impossible to become dislodged; this is quite frustrating to dogs and other animals who

45 would like to eat the armadillo. In addition to threats of being eaten by an opportunistic predator, the armadillo must also endure a more severe danger: automobiles. A significant number of armadillos die each year after being struck by cars.

50 Armadillos can be found in the northern parts of South America and as far north as the State of Texas. Nine-banded armadillos prefer warm climates and like to build burrows in the wet soil near streambeds, which they often share with other species, such as rabbits and

55 opossums. Armadillos are nocturnal, and they spend their evenings digging for grubs and other invertebrates which make up the majority of their diet. Most Texans see the armadillo as a pest, since the creatures have a tendency to ruin corn by eating the

60 parts of the plants that are low to the ground; they occasionally will eat other farm vegetables as well. Armadillos provide some benefits however, as they eat many annoying and harmful insects and are often used in medical research. Interestingly enough, they are the

65 only mammal besides humans that can contract leprosy. While armadillos are seen as strange and often troublesome animals, they are unique and valuable for research. This armored native of the south will most likely continue to fascinate and charm people for many

70 years to come.

Question 3

The passage indicates that, unlike some other desert animals, the armadillo;

PASSAGE IV NATURAL SCIENCE: The Armored Armadillo Meandering along the shoulder of the highway, the armadillo is surprisingly unaffected by its surroundings. This nomad of the desert appears to have no cares in the world, and really, why should it, when it carries

5 on its back a natural suit of armor? The armadillo looks far more awkward than do most animals, yet this alien creature handles itself remarkably well. For such a small animal, the armadillo can withstand a surprising amount of aggression from most predators. Although

10 its shell is far from impenetrable, the armadillo can rest assured that it is safer than many animals who wander the Texas roads. The Dasypus novemcinctus, or nine-banded armadillo, is characterized by the bands that arch across

15 its back. The bands are made of bony plates and are covered with leathery skin--these plates, in fact cover the animal's back, sides, tail, and the top of its head, creating a somewhat turtle-like shell. The interesting thing about the nine-banded armadillo is

20 that the number of bands on its back may be anywhere between seven and eleven; nine is just the most common number. Contrary to popular belief, only one species of armadillo can roll itself into a ball; the three-banded armadillo does this as its primary defense

25 against predators. Other armadillos often scurry under thorn bushes, rather like tanks strengthening their position. Armadillos are, on average, two and a half feet long and they typically weigh between eight and

30 sixteen pounds, although across different species those numbers can vary dramatically. Nine-banded females give birth once a year, generally to four identical young, which come from a single fertilized egg. The ninebanded annadillo is the only species of animal in which

35 this remarkable trait occurs. The four-month-long gestation period is more than enough time for the offspring to develop, as they are born fully formed with their eyes open. After a few hours, they begin to walk and are able to distance themselves from their mothers after only a

40 few months. Few animals are able to outrun a startled armadillo, and if chased into its burrow. the animal is able to arch its armor against the burrow walls, making the armadillo nearly impossible to become dislodged; this is quite frustrating to dogs and other animals who

45 would like to eat the armadillo. In addition to threats of being eaten by an opportunistic predator, the armadillo must also endure a more severe danger: automobiles. A significant number of armadillos die each year after being struck by cars.

50 Armadillos can be found in the northern parts of South America and as far north as the State of Texas. Nine-banded armadillos prefer warm climates and like to build burrows in the wet soil near streambeds, which they often share with other species, such as rabbits and

55 opossums. Armadillos are nocturnal, and they spend their evenings digging for grubs and other invertebrates which make up the majority of their diet. Most Texans see the armadillo as a pest, since the creatures have a tendency to ruin corn by eating the

60 parts of the plants that are low to the ground; they occasionally will eat other farm vegetables as well. Armadillos provide some benefits however, as they eat many annoying and harmful insects and are often used in medical research. Interestingly enough, they are the

65 only mammal besides humans that can contract leprosy. While armadillos are seen as strange and often troublesome animals, they are unique and valuable for research. This armored native of the south will most likely continue to fascinate and charm people for many

70 years to come.

Question 4

As it is used in the passage (line 42), the phrase "arch its armor" most nearly means:

PASSAGE IV NATURAL SCIENCE: The Armored Armadillo Meandering along the shoulder of the highway, the armadillo is surprisingly unaffected by its surroundings. This nomad of the desert appears to have no cares in the world, and really, why should it, when it carries

5 on its back a natural suit of armor? The armadillo looks far more awkward than do most animals, yet this alien creature handles itself remarkably well. For such a small animal, the armadillo can withstand a surprising amount of aggression from most predators. Although

10 its shell is far from impenetrable, the armadillo can rest assured that it is safer than many animals who wander the Texas roads. The Dasypus novemcinctus, or nine-banded armadillo, is characterized by the bands that arch across

15 its back. The bands are made of bony plates and are covered with leathery skin--these plates, in fact cover the animal's back, sides, tail, and the top of its head, creating a somewhat turtle-like shell. The interesting thing about the nine-banded armadillo is

20 that the number of bands on its back may be anywhere between seven and eleven; nine is just the most common number. Contrary to popular belief, only one species of armadillo can roll itself into a ball; the three-banded armadillo does this as its primary defense

25 against predators. Other armadillos often scurry under thorn bushes, rather like tanks strengthening their position. Armadillos are, on average, two and a half feet long and they typically weigh between eight and

30 sixteen pounds, although across different species those numbers can vary dramatically. Nine-banded females give birth once a year, generally to four identical young, which come from a single fertilized egg. The ninebanded annadillo is the only species of animal in which

35 this remarkable trait occurs. The four-month-long gestation period is more than enough time for the offspring to develop, as they are born fully formed with their eyes open. After a few hours, they begin to walk and are able to distance themselves from their mothers after only a

40 few months. Few animals are able to outrun a startled armadillo, and if chased into its burrow. the animal is able to arch its armor against the burrow walls, making the armadillo nearly impossible to become dislodged; this is quite frustrating to dogs and other animals who

45 would like to eat the armadillo. In addition to threats of being eaten by an opportunistic predator, the armadillo must also endure a more severe danger: automobiles. A significant number of armadillos die each year after being struck by cars.

50 Armadillos can be found in the northern parts of South America and as far north as the State of Texas. Nine-banded armadillos prefer warm climates and like to build burrows in the wet soil near streambeds, which they often share with other species, such as rabbits and

55 opossums. Armadillos are nocturnal, and they spend their evenings digging for grubs and other invertebrates which make up the majority of their diet. Most Texans see the armadillo as a pest, since the creatures have a tendency to ruin corn by eating the

60 parts of the plants that are low to the ground; they occasionally will eat other farm vegetables as well. Armadillos provide some benefits however, as they eat many annoying and harmful insects and are often used in medical research. Interestingly enough, they are the

65 only mammal besides humans that can contract leprosy. While armadillos are seen as strange and often troublesome animals, they are unique and valuable for research. This armored native of the south will most likely continue to fascinate and charm people for many

70 years to come.

Question 5

Based on information in the passage, the author feels that the nine-banded armadillo is especially unique because:

PASSAGE IV NATURAL SCIENCE: The Armored Armadillo Meandering along the shoulder of the highway, the armadillo is surprisingly unaffected by its surroundings. This nomad of the desert appears to have no cares in the world, and really, why should it, when it carries

5 on its back a natural suit of armor? The armadillo looks far more awkward than do most animals, yet this alien creature handles itself remarkably well. For such a small animal, the armadillo can withstand a surprising amount of aggression from most predators. Although

10 its shell is far from impenetrable, the armadillo can rest assured that it is safer than many animals who wander the Texas roads. The Dasypus novemcinctus, or nine-banded armadillo, is characterized by the bands that arch across

15 its back. The bands are made of bony plates and are covered with leathery skin--these plates, in fact cover the animal's back, sides, tail, and the top of its head, creating a somewhat turtle-like shell. The interesting thing about the nine-banded armadillo is

20 that the number of bands on its back may be anywhere between seven and eleven; nine is just the most common number. Contrary to popular belief, only one species of armadillo can roll itself into a ball; the three-banded armadillo does this as its primary defense

25 against predators. Other armadillos often scurry under thorn bushes, rather like tanks strengthening their position. Armadillos are, on average, two and a half feet long and they typically weigh between eight and

30 sixteen pounds, although across different species those numbers can vary dramatically. Nine-banded females give birth once a year, generally to four identical young, which come from a single fertilized egg. The ninebanded annadillo is the only species of animal in which

35 this remarkable trait occurs. The four-month-long gestation period is more than enough time for the offspring to develop, as they are born fully formed with their eyes open. After a few hours, they begin to walk and are able to distance themselves from their mothers after only a

40 few months. Few animals are able to outrun a startled armadillo, and if chased into its burrow. the animal is able to arch its armor against the burrow walls, making the armadillo nearly impossible to become dislodged; this is quite frustrating to dogs and other animals who

45 would like to eat the armadillo. In addition to threats of being eaten by an opportunistic predator, the armadillo must also endure a more severe danger: automobiles. A significant number of armadillos die each year after being struck by cars.

50 Armadillos can be found in the northern parts of South America and as far north as the State of Texas. Nine-banded armadillos prefer warm climates and like to build burrows in the wet soil near streambeds, which they often share with other species, such as rabbits and

55 opossums. Armadillos are nocturnal, and they spend their evenings digging for grubs and other invertebrates which make up the majority of their diet. Most Texans see the armadillo as a pest, since the creatures have a tendency to ruin corn by eating the

60 parts of the plants that are low to the ground; they occasionally will eat other farm vegetables as well. Armadillos provide some benefits however, as they eat many annoying and harmful insects and are often used in medical research. Interestingly enough, they are the

65 only mammal besides humans that can contract leprosy. While armadillos are seen as strange and often troublesome animals, they are unique and valuable for research. This armored native of the south will most likely continue to fascinate and charm people for many

70 years to come.

Question 6

The passage indicates that most Texans consider the 39. The passage indicates that. at birth, armadillos: armadillo to be both:

PASSAGE IV NATURAL SCIENCE: The Armored Armadillo Meandering along the shoulder of the highway, the armadillo is surprisingly unaffected by its surroundings. This nomad of the desert appears to have no cares in the world, and really, why should it, when it carries

5 on its back a natural suit of armor? The armadillo looks far more awkward than do most animals, yet this alien creature handles itself remarkably well. For such a small animal, the armadillo can withstand a surprising amount of aggression from most predators. Although

10 its shell is far from impenetrable, the armadillo can rest assured that it is safer than many animals who wander the Texas roads. The Dasypus novemcinctus, or nine-banded armadillo, is characterized by the bands that arch across

15 its back. The bands are made of bony plates and are covered with leathery skin--these plates, in fact cover the animal's back, sides, tail, and the top of its head, creating a somewhat turtle-like shell. The interesting thing about the nine-banded armadillo is

20 that the number of bands on its back may be anywhere between seven and eleven; nine is just the most common number. Contrary to popular belief, only one species of armadillo can roll itself into a ball; the three-banded armadillo does this as its primary defense

25 against predators. Other armadillos often scurry under thorn bushes, rather like tanks strengthening their position. Armadillos are, on average, two and a half feet long and they typically weigh between eight and

30 sixteen pounds, although across different species those numbers can vary dramatically. Nine-banded females give birth once a year, generally to four identical young, which come from a single fertilized egg. The ninebanded annadillo is the only species of animal in which

35 this remarkable trait occurs. The four-month-long gestation period is more than enough time for the offspring to develop, as they are born fully formed with their eyes open. After a few hours, they begin to walk and are able to distance themselves from their mothers after only a

40 few months. Few animals are able to outrun a startled armadillo, and if chased into its burrow. the animal is able to arch its armor against the burrow walls, making the armadillo nearly impossible to become dislodged; this is quite frustrating to dogs and other animals who

45 would like to eat the armadillo. In addition to threats of being eaten by an opportunistic predator, the armadillo must also endure a more severe danger: automobiles. A significant number of armadillos die each year after being struck by cars.

50 Armadillos can be found in the northern parts of South America and as far north as the State of Texas. Nine-banded armadillos prefer warm climates and like to build burrows in the wet soil near streambeds, which they often share with other species, such as rabbits and

55 opossums. Armadillos are nocturnal, and they spend their evenings digging for grubs and other invertebrates which make up the majority of their diet. Most Texans see the armadillo as a pest, since the creatures have a tendency to ruin corn by eating the

60 parts of the plants that are low to the ground; they occasionally will eat other farm vegetables as well. Armadillos provide some benefits however, as they eat many annoying and harmful insects and are often used in medical research. Interestingly enough, they are the

65 only mammal besides humans that can contract leprosy. While armadillos are seen as strange and often troublesome animals, they are unique and valuable for research. This armored native of the south will most likely continue to fascinate and charm people for many

70 years to come.

Question 7

What does the passage state is one of armadillo's greatest threats?

PASSAGE IV NATURAL SCIENCE: The Armored Armadillo Meandering along the shoulder of the highway, the armadillo is surprisingly unaffected by its surroundings. This nomad of the desert appears to have no cares in the world, and really, why should it, when it carries

5 on its back a natural suit of armor? The armadillo looks far more awkward than do most animals, yet this alien creature handles itself remarkably well. For such a small animal, the armadillo can withstand a surprising amount of aggression from most predators. Although

10 its shell is far from impenetrable, the armadillo can rest assured that it is safer than many animals who wander the Texas roads. The Dasypus novemcinctus, or nine-banded armadillo, is characterized by the bands that arch across

15 its back. The bands are made of bony plates and are covered with leathery skin--these plates, in fact cover the animal's back, sides, tail, and the top of its head, creating a somewhat turtle-like shell. The interesting thing about the nine-banded armadillo is

20 that the number of bands on its back may be anywhere between seven and eleven; nine is just the most common number. Contrary to popular belief, only one species of armadillo can roll itself into a ball; the three-banded armadillo does this as its primary defense

25 against predators. Other armadillos often scurry under thorn bushes, rather like tanks strengthening their position. Armadillos are, on average, two and a half feet long and they typically weigh between eight and

30 sixteen pounds, although across different species those numbers can vary dramatically. Nine-banded females give birth once a year, generally to four identical young, which come from a single fertilized egg. The ninebanded annadillo is the only species of animal in which

35 this remarkable trait occurs. The four-month-long gestation period is more than enough time for the offspring to develop, as they are born fully formed with their eyes open. After a few hours, they begin to walk and are able to distance themselves from their mothers after only a

40 few months. Few animals are able to outrun a startled armadillo, and if chased into its burrow. the animal is able to arch its armor against the burrow walls, making the armadillo nearly impossible to become dislodged; this is quite frustrating to dogs and other animals who

45 would like to eat the armadillo. In addition to threats of being eaten by an opportunistic predator, the armadillo must also endure a more severe danger: automobiles. A significant number of armadillos die each year after being struck by cars.

50 Armadillos can be found in the northern parts of South America and as far north as the State of Texas. Nine-banded armadillos prefer warm climates and like to build burrows in the wet soil near streambeds, which they often share with other species, such as rabbits and

55 opossums. Armadillos are nocturnal, and they spend their evenings digging for grubs and other invertebrates which make up the majority of their diet. Most Texans see the armadillo as a pest, since the creatures have a tendency to ruin corn by eating the

60 parts of the plants that are low to the ground; they occasionally will eat other farm vegetables as well. Armadillos provide some benefits however, as they eat many annoying and harmful insects and are often used in medical research. Interestingly enough, they are the

65 only mammal besides humans that can contract leprosy. While armadillos are seen as strange and often troublesome animals, they are unique and valuable for research. This armored native of the south will most likely continue to fascinate and charm people for many

70 years to come.

Question 8

The passage states that, in the Southern United States, armadillos cause damage to:

PASSAGE IV NATURAL SCIENCE: The Armored Armadillo Meandering along the shoulder of the highway, the armadillo is surprisingly unaffected by its surroundings. This nomad of the desert appears to have no cares in the world, and really, why should it, when it carries

5 on its back a natural suit of armor? The armadillo looks far more awkward than do most animals, yet this alien creature handles itself remarkably well. For such a small animal, the armadillo can withstand a surprising amount of aggression from most predators. Although

10 its shell is far from impenetrable, the armadillo can rest assured that it is safer than many animals who wander the Texas roads. The Dasypus novemcinctus, or nine-banded armadillo, is characterized by the bands that arch across

15 its back. The bands are made of bony plates and are covered with leathery skin--these plates, in fact cover the animal's back, sides, tail, and the top of its head, creating a somewhat turtle-like shell. The interesting thing about the nine-banded armadillo is

20 that the number of bands on its back may be anywhere between seven and eleven; nine is just the most common number. Contrary to popular belief, only one species of armadillo can roll itself into a ball; the three-banded armadillo does this as its primary defense

25 against predators. Other armadillos often scurry under thorn bushes, rather like tanks strengthening their position. Armadillos are, on average, two and a half feet long and they typically weigh between eight and

30 sixteen pounds, although across different species those numbers can vary dramatically. Nine-banded females give birth once a year, generally to four identical young, which come from a single fertilized egg. The ninebanded annadillo is the only species of animal in which

35 this remarkable trait occurs. The four-month-long gestation period is more than enough time for the offspring to develop, as they are born fully formed with their eyes open. After a few hours, they begin to walk and are able to distance themselves from their mothers after only a

40 few months. Few animals are able to outrun a startled armadillo, and if chased into its burrow. the animal is able to arch its armor against the burrow walls, making the armadillo nearly impossible to become dislodged; this is quite frustrating to dogs and other animals who

45 would like to eat the armadillo. In addition to threats of being eaten by an opportunistic predator, the armadillo must also endure a more severe danger: automobiles. A significant number of armadillos die each year after being struck by cars.

50 Armadillos can be found in the northern parts of South America and as far north as the State of Texas. Nine-banded armadillos prefer warm climates and like to build burrows in the wet soil near streambeds, which they often share with other species, such as rabbits and

55 opossums. Armadillos are nocturnal, and they spend their evenings digging for grubs and other invertebrates which make up the majority of their diet. Most Texans see the armadillo as a pest, since the creatures have a tendency to ruin corn by eating the

60 parts of the plants that are low to the ground; they occasionally will eat other farm vegetables as well. Armadillos provide some benefits however, as they eat many annoying and harmful insects and are often used in medical research. Interestingly enough, they are the

65 only mammal besides humans that can contract leprosy. While armadillos are seen as strange and often troublesome animals, they are unique and valuable for research. This armored native of the south will most likely continue to fascinate and charm people for many

70 years to come.

Question 9

The passage indicates that. at birth, armadillos:

PASSAGE IV NATURAL SCIENCE: The Armored Armadillo Meandering along the shoulder of the highway, the armadillo is surprisingly unaffected by its surroundings. This nomad of the desert appears to have no cares in the world, and really, why should it, when it carries

5 on its back a natural suit of armor? The armadillo looks far more awkward than do most animals, yet this alien creature handles itself remarkably well. For such a small animal, the armadillo can withstand a surprising amount of aggression from most predators. Although

10 its shell is far from impenetrable, the armadillo can rest assured that it is safer than many animals who wander the Texas roads. The Dasypus novemcinctus, or nine-banded armadillo, is characterized by the bands that arch across

15 its back. The bands are made of bony plates and are covered with leathery skin--these plates, in fact cover the animal's back, sides, tail, and the top of its head, creating a somewhat turtle-like shell. The interesting thing about the nine-banded armadillo is

20 that the number of bands on its back may be anywhere between seven and eleven; nine is just the most common number. Contrary to popular belief, only one species of armadillo can roll itself into a ball; the three-banded armadillo does this as its primary defense

25 against predators. Other armadillos often scurry under thorn bushes, rather like tanks strengthening their position. Armadillos are, on average, two and a half feet long and they typically weigh between eight and

30 sixteen pounds, although across different species those numbers can vary dramatically. Nine-banded females give birth once a year, generally to four identical young, which come from a single fertilized egg. The ninebanded annadillo is the only species of animal in which

35 this remarkable trait occurs. The four-month-long gestation period is more than enough time for the offspring to develop, as they are born fully formed with their eyes open. After a few hours, they begin to walk and are able to distance themselves from their mothers after only a

40 few months. Few animals are able to outrun a startled armadillo, and if chased into its burrow. the animal is able to arch its armor against the burrow walls, making the armadillo nearly impossible to become dislodged; this is quite frustrating to dogs and other animals who

45 would like to eat the armadillo. In addition to threats of being eaten by an opportunistic predator, the armadillo must also endure a more severe danger: automobiles. A significant number of armadillos die each year after being struck by cars.

50 Armadillos can be found in the northern parts of South America and as far north as the State of Texas. Nine-banded armadillos prefer warm climates and like to build burrows in the wet soil near streambeds, which they often share with other species, such as rabbits and

55 opossums. Armadillos are nocturnal, and they spend their evenings digging for grubs and other invertebrates which make up the majority of their diet. Most Texans see the armadillo as a pest, since the creatures have a tendency to ruin corn by eating the

60 parts of the plants that are low to the ground; they occasionally will eat other farm vegetables as well. Armadillos provide some benefits however, as they eat many annoying and harmful insects and are often used in medical research. Interestingly enough, they are the

65 only mammal besides humans that can contract leprosy. While armadillos are seen as strange and often troublesome animals, they are unique and valuable for research. This armored native of the south will most likely continue to fascinate and charm people for many

70 years to come.

Question 10

According to the passage, the scientific name Dasypus novemcinctus is unique to: