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WorksheetsResearch Methods Final
Total questions: 93
Worksheet time: 57mins
What type of research looks at the cost of a program or service relative to its impact on costs that occur later in life?
Cost-benefit
Experimental
Nonexperimental
Qualitative
Research focus on questions they regard as important for unedrstanding the nature of human communication
True
False
Particpation can be enticed with rewards to participate. An example would be if a doctor promises free health service for particpation in a study.
True
False
Basic ethical principles include respecting a persons ability to make their own choices and decisions.
True
False
The principle on beneficance relates to researchers obligation to protect the wellbeing of a persons who participate in a study.
True
False
A teacher may offer extra credit for volunteering to be in a research project
True
False
Which term best describes a systematic developed statement to assist practitioners in making decisions?
Guidelines
Hypothesis
Theory
Experiment
Which type of review provides information on the consistency of results and the generalizability of findings?
Systematic review
Literature review
Experimental review
Qualitative review
Guidelines interpreting coefficients suggest that a correlation of approximately .75 or higher would be a strong correlation. A correlation has a range of 0-1. 1 being the strongest and 0 being the lowest correlation.
True
False
The statement of purpose is located at the bottom of the discussions paragraph.
True
False
Which of the following best describes "Experimental"
quantitative
qualitative
independent variable manipulation
dependent variable
The point of many statistics procedure is to test the viability of
Null hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis
Experimental hypothesis
Correlation hypothesis
Which of the following are non-experimental research approaches/ Select all that apply? ( Correlation study comparing scores on two tests, Comparing children with communication disorders to age- matched peers, Surveys of random sample of SLPs)
The data in qualitative research are numeric in nature
True
False
Identify the characteristics of qualitative research. Choose all that apply ( Research using this approach rely on inductive reasoning, Research often use this research approach when very littel is known about a topic, The results might include quotes from participants statements)
Longitudinal research is for a long period of time
True
False
pearson is the relationship described as....
Correlation
Causation
Regression
Cohort
Independent( variables being manipulated) / dependent Variables not being manipulated)
nonexperimental(qulitative)/ experimental(quannatative )
What is the initial step in the process of systematic inquiry according to Nelson (chp. 6)?
Conducting a literature search
Identifying participants
Turning a problem into a research question
Gathering original evidence
In nonexperimental research designs, what distinguishes experimental studies from nonexperimental studies?
The use of surveys
Manipulation of factors
The number of participants
The nature of the study question
What is a key characteristic of survey research, as mentioned in Nelson (chp. 6)?
In-depth evaluation of individuals
Manipulation of variables
Obtaining responses through a series of questions
Longitudinal observation of groups
What is a common advantage of using written surveys in research?
Ability to explain the survey to participants
Inclusion of respondents who do not read or write
Modification of questions during the survey
Greater privacy for respondents
Which type of research design involves following an individual or group for an extended period?
Cross-sectional
Experimental
Longitudinal
Nonexperimental
In a case study, what is emphasized in the gathering of data?
Manipulation of variables
Use of multiple sources of evidence
Experimental settings
Statistical analysis
Which of these is an example of a cohort study?- (cohort grouped together for aperiod or time)
Survey on consumer satisfaction
CDaCI study (child development after cochlear implants)
Case study on stuttering
Cross-sectional comparison of age groups
What is the potential use of cross-sectional longitudinal studies?
Describing behaviors in different settings
Assessing the progression of a disorder over time
Comparing the impact of possible causal factors
Identifying participants for a study
What is a characteristic of cross-sectional research design?
Involves observations of the same participants over a long period
Requires waiting for participants to age from one stage to another
Makes observations of different participants at different ages over a shorter period
Measures the performance of the same individuals at various ages
In correlation and regression studies, what do researchers typically perform to determine the strength of the relationship between two variables?
Experimental manipulations
Observational analyses
Correlation analysis
Longitudinal assessments
Which of the following is a characteristic of grounded theory research?
Structured and formal data collection
Deductive reasoning
Open coding and flexible thinking
Observation in natural environments
What is a key focus of case study research?
Examining broad cultural trends
Analyzing large datasets
Exploring influences on a specific entity
Conducting controlled experiments
In ethnographic research, what is the primary method for obtaining information from the cultural group?
Controlled experiments
Participant observation and field research
Surveys and questionnaires
Longitudinal studies
What is the goal of grounded theory research?
Developing descriptive summaries of cases
Testing pre-exisiting hypotheses
Generating conceptual or theoretical models
Analyzing large datasets
When conducting case study research, what distinguishes the scope of a study as all-inclusive?
Gathering data only at a particular
Examining a specific entity
Exploring broad cultural trends
Attempting to gather data from as many sources as possible
What is the primary goal of researchers in an intrinsic case study?
To understand a larger context such as culture
To discover answers to general questions in their field
To understand the particular entity being studied
To gain insights into individual behaviors and motivations
In instrumental case study research, what do researchers aim to represent?
A larger cultural context
A specific phenomenon of interest
The behaviors of an individual case
General answers to field-specific questions
What is the key focus of a collective case study?
Understanding a specific entity
Investigating a phenomenon of interest
Gathering data from multiple instrumental cases
Examining the behaviors and motivations of an individual
In phenomenological research, what is the initial step in data analysis?
Developing psychological meaning units
Reading transcriptions for overall impressions
Obtaining descriptions of experiences from participants
Identifying parts within the transcript
How do researchers using conversation analysis examine speaker turns?
Analyzing coded data
Quantifying turn types
Studying prosodic features
Identifying actions achieved in conversation
What is a strategy used by qualitative researchers to address researcher bias?
Prolonged engagement in the field
Quantifying turn types
Using coded data for analysis
Triangulation of statistical methods
Randomized clinical trials are the highest level of evidence
True
False
When a subject scores very low or very high and are retested and scores more toward the mean, this is called what?
statistical regression
mean reversion
score oscillation
standard deviation correction
What is it called when changes are made in some way between the pre and post test, such as a machine not being calibrated correctly?
Instrumentation
measurement consistency
calibration drift
instrumentation bias
A repeated measures design obtains two or more measurements from the same participant
True
False
One of the major advantages of a pretest- posttest design is that the pretest provides evidence that two groups were not significantly different between the initial treatment. Thus any group differences observed at the end of the study can be attributed to the treatment
True
False
Pre-test -posttest designs are sometimes designs are sometimes referred to as “mixed model designs
True
False
Which term refers to the appropriateness of the outcome measurements? For example, if a participant is assessed with one clinical, would they receive the same score if they had been assessed by a different clinical
Reliability
Assessor Consensus
Outcome Uniformity
Measurement consistency
What is the initial decision researchers need to make when planning empirical research?
Choose the statistical analysis method
Decide whether to use experimental or nonexperimental procedures
Determine the sample size
Select the data collection tools
What do researchers manipulate in an experimental research design?
Dependent variables
Control groups
Independent variables
Extraneous variables
In experimental research, what do researchers measure to assess the effects of their manipulations?
Extraneous variables
control groups
dependent variables
independent variables
What type of design combines features of both posttest-only and pretest–posttest designs?
Solomon randomized four-group design
Switching replications design
Factorial design
True experimental design
What is the advantage of factorial designs in experimental research?
They require a smaller number of participants
They allow investigation of the main effects of each independent variable
They involve only one independent variable
They eliminate the need for random assignment
What are the effects associated with the way independent variables work together called?
Main effects
Interaction effects
Control effects
Factorial effects
In factorial design, what is a three-way interaction?
A combination of three different treatment approaches
An interaction between three independent variables
A main effect involving three dependent variables
A nonexperimental variable with three levels
What is one disadvantage of factorial designs?
They are limited to investigating two independent variables
They require a smaller number of participants
Interaction effects become more complex with each added independent variable
They eliminate the need for experimental control
What is internal validity in experimental research?
The extent to which researchers' conclusions about cause and effect relationships are accurate
The accuracy of measurement instruments used in the study
The reliability of the study results
The generalizability of study findings to different populations
What is the primary advantage of a repeated measures design in experimental research?
It requires a larger number of participants
Participants serve as their controls
It eliminates the need for a control group
It allows for random assignment of participants
What is the main advantage of a double pretest design in quasi-experimental research?
It eliminates the need for a control group
It provides some control over the selection threat
It requires fewer measurements from participants
It ensures the random assignment of participants
Which threat to internal validity refers to increases in performance due to participants' growth and development over time?
history
maturation
statistical regression
instrumentation
What is a characteristic of repeated measures designs?
They focus on group performance.
Participants only experience one level of the independent variable.
They are also known as between-subject designs.
Individual participants experience different levels of the independent variable.
Which of the following is the correct definition of POPULATION
all the persons of interest
small group of people
info gathered from an entire population
info gathered from a small population
Systematic sampling includes procedures in which every nth numbered person from a list is selected
True
False
Random assignment is the following: A procedure for dividing participants into groups, equal opportunity for assignment to treatment or control group, key characteristics of a “true experiment and participant already identified through another procedure” - Such as random sampling, purposive sampling
True
False
Cluster sampling includes a procedure that combinations cluster sampling and simple random sampling
True
False
Cluster sampling includes a procedure that combinations cluster sampling and simple random sampling
True
False
Bias is- the selection process (regarding not all participants having an equal possibility of being selected) that reduces how well the sample represents a population
True
False
What is the benefit of a community-based participatory research model?
It increases the relevance of data
Developing time-travel capabilities for historical data.
Creating a secret pizza-controlling society.
Communicating with dolphins for insights into marine biology.
When do research participants provide written consent?
Before the participant engages in the study
After the participant engages in the study
During the study a participant is involved in
How do researchers select a representative sample in a study?
By choosing participants randomly from the entire population
By excluding some members of the intended population
By conducting a census of the entire population
Selecting participants based on convenience
What is the difference between the intended population and the accessible population in a research study?
The intended population is always larger than the accessible population.
The accessible population includes all individuals who meet the predetermined criteria for the study
The intended population represents all persons to whom researchers want to apply their results, while the accessible population is the group from which researchers actually recruit their participants.
The accessible population is defined during the planning phase, while the intended population is determined after data collection.
What is the primary goal of stratified sampling?
To make comparisons across subgroups
To generate a sample that represents the diversity in the population
To ensure that each individual has an equal chance of being selected
To obtain an expert opinion
What is the purpose of purposive sampling?
To ensure randomness in participant selection
To generalize findings to a larger population
to obtain expert opinions or unique perspectives
To divide participants into different treatment groups
Achievement test, where the ability to compare numbers directly lacking is the
interval
inference
t-test
parametric
List all that apply: How often do particular phenomena occur in a set of data
frequencies, percentages
standard deviation
Occurs only during leap years because data has a special calendar
Which of the following is the definition of ordinal?
naming
rank from high to low
absolute zero
equal intervals
Dispersion around a mean is a standard deviation
true
fase
Outliers will not change your data much-- Especially just one
True
False
Departures from a normal distribution are most likely with small sample sizes
True
False
Which type of statistical test assumes normal distribution of data?
Parametric
Paraletic
Paresis
Population
What is the purpose of a confidence interval in statistical analysis?
To determine the strength of the predictive relationship.
To estimate the margin of error associated with a sample mean
To calculate the square of the Pearson r
To calculate the square of the Pearson r
What is the purpose of an analysis of variance (ANOVA)?
To calculate the correlation coefficient between two variables.
To analyze difference among three or more groups
To determine the slope of a regression line
to estimate the margin of error associated with a sample mean
What does sensitivity refer to in the context of diagnostic tests?
ability to identify individuals with a disorder
ability to exclude individuals without a disorder
Magnitude of the treatment effect
Percentage improvement in outcomes
The sample size is not an important consideration when criticizing when the research
True
False
Another factor to consider is how participants were recruited for the study when criticizing the research
True
False
If a systematic review fits your topic, the next step is to determine the quality of that review
True
False
Your last consideration should be if the document addresses the topic of interest
True
False
For audiologist and SLP to be competent in the progress of EBP, they need knowledge of research design to judge the value of available evidence and information literacy skills to find relevant studies quickly and efficiently
True
False
Which type of article is an easy-to -read, concise summary of a condition or disorder based on a review of recent literature but is not exhaustive or systematic in the literature search?
Clinical review
Systematic review
Literature review
Cohort study
What is the final phase in empirical research
evaluation of exisiting research
data analysis
preparation of a research report
What is a critical consideration when evaluating the quality of a systematic review in evidence-based practice?
The length of the review
The number of references cited
The date of the review
The color scheme used in the document
In single-participant research, what design is often adopted for experimental purposes?
Pretest-posttest design
Baseline and treatment design
Quasi-experimental design
Systematic review design
What are the 5 steps of EBP?
Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, Assess
Ask, Acquire, Analyze, Apply, Assess
Antecedent, Analyze, Apply, Appraise, Assess
T/F Quantitative researchers have less freedom to modify their procedures to accommodate the unique needs of participants.
True
False
