The ability to do work or cause change.

The portion of the hydrosphere that is frozen, including all the ice and snow on land, plus sea and lake ice.

The relatively thin layer of gases that forms Earth’s outermost layer.

The portion of Earth that consists of water in any of its forms, including oceans, glaciers, rivers, lakes, groundwater and water vapor.

The parts of Earth that contain living organisms.

The shape of the land determined by elevation, relief, and landforms.

A feature on the surface of Earth, such as a coastline, dune, or mountain.

A landform with high elevation and high relief.

A line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake.

A hill of sand piled up by the wind.

A process in which mapmakers determine distances and elevations using instruments and the principles of geometry.

A landform made of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake.

A natural stream of water that flows into another body of water, such as an ocean, lake, or another river.

The continual movement of water among Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

The process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to a gas.

The process by which water is lost through a plant’s leaves.

The land area that supplies water to a river system.

The change of state from a gas to a liquid.

Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth’s surface as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

An underground layer of rock or sediment that holds water.

A hole sunk into the ground to reach a supply of water.