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Psych Midterm/Final

Total questions: 161

Worksheet time: 1hrs 26mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

a)

Confirmation Bias

b)

Overconfidence

c)

Hindsight Bias

2.

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

a)

theory

b)

hypothesis

c)

independent variable

d)

operational definition

3.

A testable prediction:

a)

Theory

b)

hypothesis

c)

independent variable

d)

operational definition

4.

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study:

a)

theory

b)

hypothesis

c)

independent variable

d)

operational definition

5.

Repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced:

a)

Theory

b)

hypothesis

c)

replication

d)

dependent variable

6.

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles:

a)

replication

b)

naturalistic observation

c)

survey

d)

case study

7.

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation:

a)

replication

b)

survey

c)

case study

d)

naturalistic observation

8.

Descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative random sample of the group:

a)

naturalistic observation

b)

survey

c)

case study

d)

experiment

9.

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample:

a)

random sample

b)

survey

c)

naturalistic observation

d)

sampling bias

10.

All those in a group being studied from which a sample may be drawn:

a)

random sample

b)

sampling bias

c)

population

11.

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion:

a)

random assignment

b)

population

c)

sampling bias

d)

random sample

12.

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other:

a)

variable

b)

correlation

c)

scatterplot

13.

A statistical index of the relationship between two things from -1.00 to +1.00.

a)

scatterplot

b)

variable

c)

correlation

d)

correlation coefficient

14.

Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure:

a)

variable

b)

scatterplot

c)

correlation

d)

regression towards the mean

15.

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope suggest the relationship of the two variables.

a)

regression towards the mean

b)

correlation

c)

scatterplot

16.

A perceived relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship.

a)

correlation coefficient

b)

variable

c)

regression towards the mean

d)

illusory correlation

17.

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average:

a)

correlation

b)

regression towards the mean

c)

illusory correlation

18.

Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process:

a)

naturalistic observation

b)

experiment

c)

survey

d)

case study

19.

In an experiment, the group exposed to the independent variable:

a)

control group

b)

experimental group

c)

placebo

20.

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment, serves as the comparison

a)

control group

b)

experimental group

c)

placebo

21.

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance:

a)

Rample sample

b)

double-blind procedures

c)

Random assingment

d)

population

22.

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants & the research staff are ignorant to who received the treatment or the placebo.

a)

double-blind procedure

b)

random sample

c)

random assignment

d)

placebo

23.

Experimental results caused by expectations alone or any effect on behavior caused by an inert substance or condition.

a)

double-blind procedure

b)

random sampling

c)

placebo

d)

random assingment

24.

The factor that is manipulated, the variable whose effect is being studied.

a)

placebo

b)

independent variable

c)

dependent variable

25.

Outcome being measured in an experiment:

a)

independent variable

b)

dependent variable

c)

placebo

26.

A factor, other than the one being studied, that might influence a study's results:

a)

independent variable

b)

dependent variable

c)

placebo

d)

confounding variable

27.

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to:

a)

reliability

b)

validity

28.

Numerical data used to measure & describe characteristics of groups is:

a)

descriptive statistics

b)

correlational research

c)

experimental research

29.

Bar graph depicting a frequency distribution:

a)

scatterplot

b)

histogram

c)

bar graph

30.

Most frequently occurring score is the:

a)

mode

b)

mean

c)

median

31.

Arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores then dividing by the number of scores.

a)

mode

b)

mean

c)

median

32.

The middle score in a distribution.

a)

mode

b)

median

c)

mean

33.

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.

a)

normal curve

b)

skewed distribution

34.

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

a)

Mean

b)

range

c)

standard deviation

35.

Computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.

a)

range

b)

standard deviation

c)

normal curve

d)

skewed distribution

36.

Symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data.

a)

skewed distribution

b)

range

c)

normal curve

37.

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

a)

range

b)

standard deviation

c)

statistical significance

38.
If a researcher wants to be able to predict if two variables are related to each other they would use
a)
experimental research
b)
correlational research
c)
case study
d)
illusory research
39.
A way to study an individual or a group is an example of ___?
a)
Naturalistic observation
b)
Case study
c)
Survey
d)
Random Sampling
40.
What is a double blind procedure?
a)
Participants don't know which group they're in
b)
Researchers don't know which group the participants are in
c)
Neither participants nor researcher knows who is in which group
d)
Both researcher and participants know who is in each group
41.
What is curious skepticism?
a)
Closed to new ideas
b)
Goes along with anything
c)
Doesn't ask questions but also doesn't accept new ideas
d)
Open to new ideas but still questions them
42.
What is a theory?
a)
An explaination using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
b)
A testable prediction
c)
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
d)
Allows other scientists/researchers to replicate the research
43.

Which person do we aften refer to as the example of using case studies?

a)
John Locke
b)
Phineas Gage
c)
Francis Bacon
d)
Sigmund Freud
44.
The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that you knew it all along is the definition of...
a)
Overconfidence
b)
Hindsight Bias
c)
Perceiving order in random events
d)
Critical thinking
45.
If there was a boy who claimed he could see into the future, what kind of research method would you use to study him?
a)
Case study
b)
Survey
c)
Naturalistic observation
d)
Operational study
46.
All those in a group being studied is referred to as the...
a)
Random sample
b)
Representative sample
c)
Population
d)
Sampling bias
47.
If two sets relate inversely, then it has a ___ correlation
a)
Positive
b)
Negative
c)
Causation
d)
There is no correlation
48.
The best way to assure that there is no bias in a study is to have a...
a)
Control group
b)
Random assignment
c)
Confounding variable
d)
Double-blind procedure
49.
The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have foreseen it
a)
Intuition
b)
Hindsight bias
c)
Overconfidence
d)
Perceiving order in random events
50.
When people have the tendency to think they know more than they do
a)
Intuition
b)
Hindsight bias
c)
Overconfidence
d)
Perceiving order in random events
51.
Recording behavior in natural environment
a)
Survey
b)
Wording effect
c)
Naturalistic observation
d)
Case study
52.
Predicts the result of a theory
a)
Hypothesis
b)
Observation
c)
Scientific method
d)
Operational definition
53.
A procedure in which researchers nor participants know which group is the experimental group and which is the control group
a)
Double blind procedure
b)
Blind procedure
c)
Placebo Effect
d)
Validity
54.
What is that gut feeling or knowing that something is wrong or right?
a)
Hidsight bias
b)
Intuition
c)
Perceiving order
d)
Critical thinking
55.
A way to deepen a study on an individual or group is?
a)
case study
b)
survey
c)
random sampling
d)
wording effects
56.
When a participant doesn't know the group they're in is called?
a)
validity
b)
placebo effect
c)
blind procedure
d)
double blind procedure
57.
A way of measurement that shows how much the scores depart from a mean?
a)
range
b)
reliability
c)
inferential statistics
d)
standard deviation
58.
WEIRD stands for?
a)
wishes, emotions, impersonal, recommendations, desire
b)
weird, entities, in, rightful, domination
c)
western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic
d)
wonderful, exciting, interesting, real, different
59.
What is the gut feeling you have when you know that something is right or wrong, often times this is right?
a)
Hindsight Bias
b)
Intituation
c)
Hypothesis
d)
Overconfidence
60.
Why do humans tend to think we know more than we actually know?
a)
Overconfidence
b)
Humility
c)
Theory
d)
Curious Skepticism
61.
After the student council election, a friend tells you he has known for weeks who would be elected president. What does this seem to illustrate?
a)
Overconfidence
b)
Hindsight bias
c)
Critical thinking
d)
Perceiving order in random events
62.
What are the 3 most important traits for a psychologist?
a)
Curiosity, skepticism, and humility
b)
Intelligence, humility, humor
c)
Curiosity, ignorance, organized
d)
Smart, nice, skeptical
63.
What type of research method relies on self reporting attitudes or behaviors of a particular group of people?
a)
Random sampling
b)
Wording effects
c)
Case studies
d)
Survey
64.
What is the tendency to believe after the outcome that one would have foreseen it?
a)
Intuition
b)
Humility
c)
Hindsight bias
d)
Overconfidence
65.
What term is described when an explanation is using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events?
a)
Hypothesis
b)
Theory
c)
Scientific Method
d)
Operational Definitions
66.
In order to understand whether two variables are related to each other a researcher would use what type of research method?
a)
Case study
b)
Survey
c)
Observation
d)
Correlation
67.
What is a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study?
a)
Hypothesis
b)
Theory
c)
Operational definition
d)
Case study
68.
Which of the following shows a negative correlation?
a)
As the temperature goes up, the amount of ice cream sales increases
b)
The more absences Henry has, the lower his grades are
c)
The taller you are, the more candy you eat
d)
When you eat more food, your weight increases
69.
After receiving a bad score on a test, you say that you knew you had the wrong answer on many of the questions. This is an example of __.
a)
Hindsight Bias
b)
overconfidence
c)
Skepticism
d)
Critical thinking
70.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of a case study?
a)
takes too long
b)
not specific enough
c)
may not be a reliable representation of everyone - only that individual
d)
They may not be honest
71.
It is commonly believed that going outside when the weather is cold and rainy, you will get a cold. This is not true. This is an example of a(n) __.
a)
Illusory correlation
b)
placebo effect
c)
random assignment
d)
experiment
72.
A corelation coefficient __.
a)
tells what is being compared
b)
shows the factor being manipulated
c)
is the expirament
d)
describes the strength and direction of the relationship of two variables
73.
The study over a long period of time using the same group of people is called what?
a)
Longitudinal study
b)
Case study
c)
Survey
d)
Cross sectional study
74.
A graphed cluster of dots that represent the value of 2 variables is called what?
a)
Correlation
b)
Random shaping
c)
Sampling bias
d)
Scatter plot
75.
Which correlation coefficient demonstrates the highest correlation?
a)
0.92
b)
-0.38
c)
-0.11
d)
0.67
76.
A statement of procedure used to define research variables is what?
a)
Operational definition
b)
Case study
c)
Naturalistic observation
d)
Survey
77.
A way to study a group of people or one person is called what?
a)
Random shaping
b)
Experimental research
c)
Naturalistic observation
d)
Case study
78.

In a study of how much water an average marathon runner would drink along the route, it was found that the results had a p-value of .035. What does that mean?

a)

The results are not significant and the null hypothesis should be accepted

b)

The results are significant and the null hypothesis should be rejected.

c)

The results tell us that the standard deviation is 15 from the mean

79.

What is the mode of the following data set?

3, 5, 1, 6, 5, 8, 2

a)

3

b)

6

c)

5

d)

1

80.

What is the scientific method?

a)

A method to generate questions

b)

A method to formulate theories

c)

A method to develop hypotheses

d)

All of the above

81.

Which approach in psychology emphasizes the importance of social interaction and cultural perspective?

a)

Biological view

b)

Cognitive view

c)

Sociocultural view

d)

Trait view

82.

Who is considered the 'father' of Psychology?

a)

Wilhelm Wundt

b)

John B. Watson

c)

Sigmund Freud

d)

Max Wertheimer

83.

Which perspective in psychology focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood events?

a)

Behaviorism

b)

Gestalt psychology

c)

Psychoanalysis

d)

Humanistic psychology

84.

What is the main emphasis of the cognitive view in psychology?

a)

Observable behavior

b)

Unconscious mind

c)

Social interaction

d)

Information processing

85.

Which perspective in psychology believes that behavior is a result of heredity, the nervous system, and environmental impacts?

a)

Biological view

b)

Evolutionary psychology

c)

Psychoanalysis

d)

Humanistic psychology

86.

Who developed the theory of cognitive development?

a)

Jean Piaget

b)

Albert Ellis

c)

Aaron Beck

d)

Carl Rogers

87.

Which perspective in psychology focuses on the functions of consciousness and how it helps people adapt to their environment?

a)

Structuralism

b)

Functionalism

c)

Gestalt psychology

d)

Behaviorism

88.

Which perspective in psychology emphasizes the importance of individual sense of self and personal growth?

a)

Biological view

b)

Cognitive view

c)

Humanistic psychology

d)

Trait view

89.

What is the main emphasis of the sociocultural view in psychology?

a)

Observable behavior

b)

Unconscious mind

c)

Social interaction

d)

Information processing

90.
Which of the following best describes the view of the mind held by Plato and Socrates?
a)
The mind should be studied through careful, empirical observations.
b)
The mind is an illusion produced by the brain. 
c)
The mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies.
d)
The mind is made up of knowledge that is a result of our experiences.
91.
The first psychological laboratory was established by
a)
William James.
b)
John Watson.
c)
Wilhelm Wundt.
d)
Sigmund Freud.
92.
Which philosopher would have been most enthusiastic about modern empiricism?
a)
Plato
b)
Socrates
c)
Aristotle
d)
Rene' Descartes 
93.
Who was a prominent American functionalist?
John B. Watson b. Edward Titchener c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Jean Piaget e. William James
a)
John B. Watson
b)
Wilhelm Wundt
c)
Jean Piaget
d)
William James
94.
Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”?a. John B. Watson b. Edward Titchener c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Jean Piaget
a)
John B. Watson
b)
Edward Titchener
c)
Wilhelm Wundt
d)
Jean Piaget
95.
Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of 
a)
childhood memories.
b)
unconscious thoughts. 
c)
healthy growth potential.
d)
punishment and reinforcement.
96.
Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of 
a)
conscious and unconscious mental activity.
b)
observable responses to the environment.
c)
 behavior and mental processes.
d)
 thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.
97.
This theory of psychology believes that we can reinvent ourselves and all have the potential to start over again.  
a)
psychoanalytic
b)
humanist 
c)
cognitive
d)
behaviorist
98.
This theory of psychology does not recognize free will when it comes to making decisions and believe we are mechanically constrolled by our environment.
a)
psychoanalytic
b)
humanist 
c)
cognitive
d)
behaviorist
99.
Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
a)
Jean Piaget 
b)
Rosalie Rayner
c)
Mary Calkins
d)
Margaret Washburn
100.
Which psychologist was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology after Harvard University declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D.?
a)
Jean Piaget
b)
Rosalie Rayner 
c)
 Mary Calkins
d)
Margaret Washburn
101.

The research methodology Wilhelm Wundt used is called

a)

introspection.

b)

structuralism.

c)

naturalistic observation.

d)

inferential.

e)

scientific.

102.

Which of the following psychologists was part of the Gestalt group of psychologists?

a)

Carl Rogers

b)

Wilhelm Wundt

c)

B. F. Skinner

d)

John Watson

e)

Max Wertheimer

103.

B. F. Skinner introduced the idea of __________ to the paradigm of behaviorism.

a)

unconscious thinking

b)

reinforcement

c)

conditioning

d)

defense mechanisms

e)

introspection

104.

Which of the following psychologists might have described himself as a humanist?

a)

B. F. Skinner

b)

William James

c)

Abraham Maslow

d)

John Watson

e)

Ivan Pavlov

105.

The study of behavior and mental processes.

a)

psychodynamic

b)

biology

c)

psychology

d)

humanistic

106.

Psychological perspective concerned with physiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes.

a)

behavioral

b)

biological

c)

psychodynamic

d)

evolutionary

107.

Psychological perspective concerned with how cultural differences affect behavior.

a)

evolutionary

b)

humanistic

c)

behavioral

d)

socio-cultural

108.

Evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

a)

clinical psychologist

b)

counseling psychologist

c)

developmental psychologist

d)

personality psychologist

109.

They help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle.

a)

clinical psychologist

b)

counseling psychologist

c)

school psychologist

d)

educational psychologist

110.

They study psychological growth & development throughout the lifespan.

a)

forensic psychologist

b)

developmental psychologist

c)

rehabilitation psychologist

d)

social psychologist

111.

The psychological perspective concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior.

a)

functionalism

b)

behavioral

c)

psychoanalytic

d)

humanistic

112.

If Aristotle and Locke, who both believed that what we know is acquired from experience, were alive today, they would best agree with the

a)

behavioral

b)

biological

c)

cognitive

d)

psychodynamic

113.

____________ refers to biological/genetic predispositions' impact on human traits

a)

nature

b)

nurture

114.

Wilhelm Wundt and the structuralists studied questions still asked today primarily by

a)

humanistic approach

b)

behavioral approach

c)

cognitive approach

d)

socio-cultural approach

115.

Dr. Didden was hired by the TLC Company to help it retain its employees without lowering the firm’s profits. After TLC removed cubicles and permitted employees to decorate their workroomas recommended by Dr. Didden, the absentee rate declined and no employees left for jobs else- where. Dr. Didden is most likely to be

a)

clinical psychologist

b)

counseling psychologist

c)

industrial/organizational psychologist

d)

forensic psychologists

116.
Who is considered the "father of psychology" and began the first psychology lab?
a)
Wilhelm Wundt
b)
Wiliiam James
c)
Sigmund Freud
d)
Edward Titchener
117.

Titchener believed that psychology should study the basic elements of conscious experience and belonged to which school of thought?

a)

Behaviorism

b)

Functionalism

c)

Humanism

d)

Structuralism

118.
Darwin’s theory of evolution influenced which school of thought?
a)
Structuralism
b)
Functionalism
c)
Gestalt
d)
Cognitive
119.
Who is the founder of psychoanalysis?
a)
Sigmund Freud
b)
Abraham Maslow
c)
Ivan Pavlov
d)
B.F. Skinner
120.
Which perspective believed psychology should only study observable and objectively described acts?
a)
Humanistic
b)
Behaviorism
c)
Functionalism
d)
Structuralism
121.
Which perspective believed psychology should emphasize the potential for growth of each human being and an individual’s freedom to make their own decisions?
a)
Biological
b)
Humanistic
c)
Psychodynamic
d)
Behavioral
122.
Which psychologist studied children’s thought processes (cognitive development)?
a)
Erik Erikson
b)
Carl Rogers
c)
Abraham Maslow
d)
Jean Piaget
123.
Which perspective studies learning and how rewards and punishments influence how humans and animals act (observable responses)?
a)
Cognitive
b)
Behaviorism
c)
Humanism
d)
Evolutionary
124.
Who established the first psychology lab in the U.S. and was the first president of the APA?
a)
G. Stanley Hall
b)
Sigmud Freud
c)
WIlliam James
d)
Charles Darwin
125.
Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?
a)
First female president of APA
b)
First woman author of a psychology book
c)
First woman to receive a Ph. D. in psychology
d)
Wife of G. Stanley Hall
126.
Who was Margaret Floy Washburn?
a)
First female to receive a Ph. D. in psychology
b)
Studied with Mary Calkins at the APA
c)
Studied under Willhelm Wundt
d)
Used strenuous mental testing on humans
127.
Who was the first African American man to receive a Ph.D. in psychology?
a)
Edward Titchener
b)
Kenneth Clark
c)
Francis Sumner
d)
William James
128.
Which psychological perspective focuses on how we think about information?
a)
Cognitive
b)
Behavioral
c)
Evolutionary
d)
Psychodynamic
129.
Which psychological perspective would be most interested in studying our brain structures & chemistry, genetics, glands, etc.?
a)
Biological
b)
Structuralism
c)
Functionalism
d)
Humanistic
130.
Which psychological perspective studies how the situation and our upbringing influence our behavior?
a)
Psychoanalysis
b)
Social-Cultural
c)
Behaviorism
d)
Functionalism
131.
Which psychological perspective focuses on optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive?
a)
Evolutionary
b)
Humanistic
c)
Positive Psychology
d)
Psychodynamic
132.

Early psychological perspective that emphasized units of consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introspection

a)

Structuralism

b)

Functionalism

c)

Monism

d)

Dualism

133.

The study of behavior and mental processes.

a)

psychodynamic

b)

biology

c)

psychology

d)

humanistic

134.

Psychological perspective concerned with individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in growth toward one’s potential.

a)

behavioral

b)

biological

c)

socio-cultural

d)

humanistic

135.

Psychological perspective concerned with physiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes.

a)

behavioral

b)

biological

c)

psychodynamic

d)

evolutionary

136.

Psychological perspective concerned with how cultural differences affect behavior.

a)

evolutionary

b)

humanistic

c)

behavioral

d)

socio-cultural

137.

Evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

a)

clinical psychologist

b)

counseling psychologist

c)

developmental psychologist

d)

personality psychologist

138.

They help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle.

a)

clinical psychologist

b)

counseling psychologist

c)

school psychologist

d)

educational psychologist

139.

They study psychological growth & development throughout the lifespan.

a)

forensic psychologist

b)

developmental psychologist

c)

rehabilitation psychologist

d)

social psychologist

140.

The psychological perspective concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior.

a)

functionalism

b)

behavioral

c)

psychoanalytic

d)

humanistic

141.

They focus on traits, attitudes, and goals of the individual.

a)

forensic psychologist

b)

school psychologist

c)

personality psychologist

d)

social psychologist

142.

If Aristotle and Locke, who both believed that what we know is acquired from experience, were alive today, they would best agree with the

a)

behavioral

b)

biological

c)

cognitive

d)

psychodynamic

143.

____________ refers to biological/genetic predispositions' impact on human traits

a)

nature

b)

nurture

144.

Wilhelm Wundt and the structuralists studied questions still asked today primarily by

a)

humanistic approach

b)

behavioral approach

c)

cognitive approach

d)

socio-cultural approach

145.

Dr. Didden was hired by the TLC Company to help it retain its employees without lowering the firm’s profits. After TLC removed cubicles and permitted employees to decorate their workroomas recommended by Dr. Didden, the absentee rate declined and no employees left for jobs else- where. Dr. Didden is most likely to be

a)

clinical psychologist

b)

counseling psychologist

c)

industrial/organizational psychologist

d)

forensic psychologists

146.

Involves studying different age groups at the same time to see changes that occur over the lifespan.

a)

Cross-sectional method

b)

Longitudinal method

c)

Survey

d)

Naturalistic observation

147.

In a double-blind study:

a)

only the experimenter knows who is in the control and experimental groups

b)

only the subject knows who is in the control and experimental groups

c)

neither the experimenter nor the subject know who is in the control and experimental groups

d)

both the experimenter and the subject know who is in the control and experimental groups

148.

Which of the following is NOT an ethical guideline for experimentation established by the APA?

a)

Participation must be voluntary at all times

b)

Personal information must be kept confidential

c)

The subject must be informed of potential risks

d)

Animals should be used instead of humans whenever possible

149.

The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that supports one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

a)

Confirmation bias

b)

Ethics

c)

Hindsight bias

d)

In-group bias

150.

Who conducted the experiment with fake electric shocks to study obedience to authority?

a)

Stanley Milgram

b)

Sigmund Freud

c)

Philip Zimbardo

d)

Carl Rogers

151.

Hypothesis: the louder a classroom environment is, the lower test scores will be. What is the independent variable?

a)

Test scores

b)

Level of noise in the classroom

c)

Type of class

d)

Seating arrangement in the classroom

152.

What is done at the end of a study to assure that participants know all the information about the study (the truth) and leave in the same emotional state as they started?

a)

Informed consent

b)

Replication

c)

Debriefing

d)

Naturalistic observation

153.

The group who is subjected to the therapy being tested is called the:

a)

control group

b)

experimental group

c)

sample group

d)

survey group

154.

Which comes first in an experiment?

a)

Creating a hypothesis

b)

Collecting data

c)

Analyzing data

d)

Dividing subjects into groups

155.

What is the biggest problem with a survey done by mail?

a)

It is not ethical

b)

The sample will be too large to be accurate

c)

The sample is probably not a representative sample

d)

There is no placebo

156.

An extra, unexpected variable that can lead to false conclusions.

a)

Confounding

b)

Independent

c)

Dependent

d)

Neutral

157.

In which of the following research methods does the researcher have the most control?

a)

Correlational

b)

Experimental

c)

Observational

d)

Descriptive

158.

The number of hours a person has driven and the number of miles driven.

a)

Negatively correlated

b)

Positively correlated

c)

No correlation

d)

Weak correlation

159.

Refers to making something clear, specific, and measurable.

a)

Operationalize

b)

Replication

c)

Random assignment

d)

Double-blind

160.

The Stanford Prison Experiment shows the power of:

a)

social roles

b)

genes

c)

empathy

d)

parents

161.

What type of correlation does this scatterplot illustrate?

a)

A positive correlation

b)

A negative correlation

c)

No correlation

d)

A neutral correlation

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