the removal of minerals

and clay as water drips through

particles are larger than clay and

smaller than sand

a naturally occurring,

crystalline solid formed over time

hard substance made of minerals

Soil-a mixture of minerals, water, gases, and the remains

of dead organisms that covers the Earth's surface

granules of fine rock particles

formation of soil

through the action of wind and water on rock

a cross section of

horizontal layers, or horizons,

in the soil that have distinct

compositions and properties

Real and fictional investigators have been using soil samples to identify crimi-

nals since the late 1800s. Between 1887 and 1893, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

wrote about the use of geology in the investigation of crime in his novels. His

character, _________, used soil and mud samples to help link an indi-

vidual to a specific location where a crime had been committed.

An Austrian, Dr. Hans Gross, is believed

to be one of the first forensic scientists to

apply science to crime _______. His book

Criminal Investigation, written in 1893, con-

tained groundbreaking material in this new

science.

A German investigator, Georg Popp, is credited with being the first forensic scientist to use ____ evidence to solve a crime. During a murder

investigation, he examined a handkerchief left at the crime scene and found it contained bits of coal and particles of hornblende, a greenish-

black-colored mineral. Using science, Popp linked this evidence to a suspect who was known to work in a coal-burning factory and also in a gravel pit

that contained hornblende. Popp also matched soil samples taken from the suspect’s trousers to samples collected at the crime scene. When confronted

with all of the evidence, the suspect admitted his crime.

Nutrient Deficiency Appearance of Plants

Nitrogen- Leaves of plants are yellow

Phosphorus- Small, frail plants with reddish leaves

Potassium- Leaves at bottom of plant dying from lack of chlorophyll

(no longer green)

Calcium- __________________________

Sand is formed by the action of wind and water on rocks, called weathering.

There are three grain sizes of soil: clay, silt, and sand.

There are three subcategories of soil: peat, loam, and chalk.

Soil analysis can involve macroscopic and microscopic examination,

chemical testing, and _____ diffraction analysis.

The pH scale is used to measure how acidic or basic soil is. A pH from 0

to 6 is considered _____.

The pH scale is used to measure how acidic or basic soil is. A pH from 8 to 14 is considered ____. A pH of

7 is considered neutral.

Soil forms in layers called horizons. Starting from the layer at Earth’s

surface and moving _____, the horizons are labeled the O horizon,

the A horizon, the E horizon, the B horizon, the C horizon, and the R

horizon.