Worksheetsbiology 2 exam 1 review
Total questions: 190
Worksheet time: 2hrs 14mins
Chili peppers vary in how hot they are.
True
False
Heat is determined by the amount of (a) (s) present.
Capsaicinoids are measured in parts per (a) .
Capsicum chacoense are wild chilies that are native to Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay.
True
False
The pungent form of capsicum chacoense is less hot than cayenne pepper.
True
False
The number of bug scars is directly proportional to the plant pungency.
True
False
More bug scars is equal to high plant pungency, thus making less bug scars mean plants are less pungent.
True
False
Birds are often used as seed dispersers, and other animals help with production and distribution of capsaicinoids.
True
False
Term for the interactions between plants, bugs, and fungi.
(a)
(a) is the population adaptations to the level of bug feeding and risk of fungal infection.
Plants and animals DO NOT share characteristics such as multicellular, eukaryotic, and some metabolic processes like cellular respiration.
True
False
Plants originated 470 million years ago from a lineage of _______ _______.
(a)
The middle lamella between two cells is rich in (a) ; its levels and chemical modification are key to regulating adhesion.
(a) are cytoplasmic strands that interconnect cells and form an intercellular communication network within a plant body.
The low solute potential draws water into the _________ from the adjacent ________. Movement of water into the phloem creates a high pressure potential (Ψp), aka high turgor pressure, in the phloem. The high turgor pressure forces movement of phloem sap from source to sink through a process called “bulk flow.”
(a)
Plants with cell walls cannot engulf particles or absorb organic molecules.
True
False
Plants with cell walls have both flagella and pseudopods.
True
False
Plants with cell walls cannot move relative to other cells.
True
False
(a) is a diploid, multicellular spore-producing phase in the life cycle of the plant body which exhibits alternation of generations
The (a) stage, or generation in the alternation of generations life cycle, is the haploid (n) stage. The gametophyte stage can also be thought of as the sexual stage because it will produce the gametes, or sex cells. This stage only has one set of chromosomes.
Plant growth is generally controlled/restricted by the meristems
True
False
Plants experience an alternation between the sporophyte and gametophyte generations.
True
False
By definition, "a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel".
(a)
Adaptations for life + land in flowering plants:
waxy cuticle covers the above-ground
True
False
Adaptations for life + land in flowering plants:
structural support from cells WITHOUT lignified cell walls
True
False
Adaptations for life + land in flowering plants:
the xylem doubles as structural support
True
False
Adaptations for life + land in flowering plants:
developed pollen and seeds
True
False
Adaptations for life + land in flowering plants:
difference between monocots and dicots
True
False
Adaptations for life + land in flowering plants:
lineages split about 125 million years ago
True
False
Animals originated 770 million years ago from a lineage of choanoflagellates
True
False
What cell junction refers to the communication between cells?
(a)
What type of cell junction is this?
- by definition: "adhesive intercellular junction that mechanically integrate adjacent cells by coupling adhesive interactions"
- provide strong adhesion between cells, and give mechanical strength to tissues
(a)
What type of cell junction is this?
- by definition: "clusters of intercellular channels that allow direct diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells"
- allow direct diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells
(a)
What type of cell junction is this?
- by definition: "form the continuous intercellular barrier between epithelial cells"
- separate tissue spaces and regulate selective movement of solutes across the epithelium
(a)
Animal cells that have no cell walls CANNOT engulf particles and CANNOT absorb organic molecules.
True
False
(Some) Animal cells that have no cell walls have flagella or pseudopods.
True
False
Animals that have no cell walls can move relative to other cells.
True
False
A (a) is part of the plant above the ground. It bears the leaves, flowering buds, lateral buds and flowering stems. It is responsible for food production or photosynthesis in the plant.
The shoot system refers to the parts of the plant growing above ground. This includes the stem, leaves, flowers, and buds.
True
False
The shoot apical meristem controls the production and arrangement of ________(s). In most plants, ________(s) are the principal sites of photosynthesis. Because light is needed for photosynthesis, the arrangement of the ________(s) along a stem has a major impact on their function. (Same answer)
(a)
Roots absorb water and minerals and transport them to stems. They also anchor and support a plant, and store food. A root system consists of primary and secondary roots. Each root is made of dermal, ground, and vascular tissues.
True
False
Meristems are regions of ACTIVE cell division.
True
False
Meristems do NOT give rise to new cells.
True
False
There are two main types of meristems:
- this type has the parts; shoot, root
Apical
Lateral
There are two main types of meristems:
- this type has the parts; vascular cambium, cork cambium
Apical
Lateral
Grass regrows after mowing because if the base of the leaf is not removed, it will continue to grow by the meristems; leaf production is stimulated by signals sent to the node.
True
False
When a tree is topped, many of the leaves at the top are removed, causing a decrease in the trees ability to photosynthesize. The wounds also become entry points for pathogens and insects. The trees will quickly grow new, weaker leaves.
True
False
When a tree is topped, the apical buds will no longer support axillary buds (adjacent).
True
False
(a) tissues are derived from apical meristems.
Herbaceous plants have primary tissues. They ALSO have secondary tissues.
True
False
(a) tissues are derived from lateral meristems.
Secondary tissues are only present in dicots.
True
False
Secondary tissues are NOT present in woody plants.
True
False
Differentiation of tissues occurs:
- following cell division in a meristem
- cells expand and elongate
- cells differentiate into their mature form
True
False
Foliar organs which includes sepals, bud scales, stipules.
(a)
Stems DO NOT originate from shoot apical meristems.
True
False
Stems support the aerial (shoot) portions of the plant.
True
False
Stems DO NOT support the leaves.
True
False
Secondary stems are comprised of dicots and conifers only.
True
False
____________ stems
- vascular cambium and cork cambium each form a ring around the system
- vascular cambium forms 2 degree xylem and 2 degree phloem
- cork cambium forms cork
Primary
Secondary
Roots were initially derived from radicles in embryos.
True
False
Roots originate by
- root apical meristems
- branching of existing roots
True
False
The functions of roots include:
- support/anchoring
- food storage
- water and mineral uptake
- symbiotic interface (bacteria and nodules)
True
False
Root morphology is divided into four zones: the root cap, the apical meristem, the elongation zone, and the hair.
True
False
Skeletons in animals are used in conjunction with muscles to stabilize the position of the body and to move.
True
False
When contracting a muscle, the (lines) in the (a) of a muscle fiber condoms together, tightening the length/width between them.
A ___________ skeleton is a type of skeleton supported by __________ fluid pressure, common among soft-bodied invertebrate animals colloquially referred to as "worms". (Same answer)
(a)
The muscles in a hydrostatic skeleton surround a closed body compartment filled with fluid.
True
False
Worms are an example of a creature with a hydrostatic skeleton or a hydroskeleton.
True
False
Cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids are all examples of creatures that posses (a) skeletons.
In animals with hydroskeletons (like worms) contraction of the muscles DECOMPRESSES the fluid, LOWERING its pressure and moving it forward.
True
False
Exoskeletons in arthropods are made of (a) , a polysaccharide.
Exoskeletons in mollusks are made of ________ _________and __________.
(a)
The muscles in animals with an exoskeleton are attached to the knobs and plates on the inner surface.
True
False
Endoskeletons provide animals with rigid internal support to which muscles are attached.
True
False
In vertebrates, endoskeletons are composed of cartilage or cartilage and bone.
True
False
Muscles are arranged in pairs with _______ actions, creating movement.
opposite
like
Movement in muscles functions like a lever system.
True
False
In the lever system of muscle movement, what functions as the rods?
(the thing upon which the effort and load are distributed; the "bar")
bones
joints
(thing) pushed/moved/lifted
(force) provided by muscle contraction
In the lever system of muscle movement, what functions as the fulcrum?
(the thing the "bar" sets upon; translates the effort into opposite force for the load; the "triangle")
bones
joints
(thing) pushed/moved/lifted
(force) provided by muscle contraction
In the lever system of muscle movement, what functions as the effort?
bones
joints
(thing) pushed/moved/lifted
(force) provided by muscle contraction
In the lever system of muscle movement, what functions as the load?
bones
joints
(thing) pushed/moved/lifted
(force) provided by muscle contraction
All living things need a source of energy and chemical nutrients.
True
False
Soil nutrients are taken up by the soil root hairs of a plant and by the associated (a) .
(a) % of the atmosphere is made up of diatomic nitrogen (N2).
Plants can only take up nitrogen as __________ (NH4+) or ________ (NO3-).
(a)
Rhizobium bacteria fix nitrogen in the ______ __________ of legumes.
(a)
The organic molecules consumed and digested by by heterotrophic animals for nutrition DO NOT provide both energy and chemical constituents.
True
False
Digestion for animals is primarily EXTRACELLULAR, but still takes place INSIDE the body.
True
False
________________ _________ is a digestive compartment with only one opening.
(a)
________________ _________ is a digestive compartment with two openings.
(a)
One of the disadvantages of a single digestive opening is that organisms CANNOT continually feed.
(Waste must be expelled before additional food is taken in)
True
False
One of the disadvantages of a single digestive opening is that there IS specialization of different parts of the digestive tract.
True
False
Another name for the alimentary canal in animals is the " (a) ".
Animals with an alimentary canal DO need to expel waste before additional food is taken in.
True
False
The alimentary canal in animals DOES allow for specialization of different parts of the digestive tract.
True
False
All living things need to exchange gases between the body and the environment.
True
False
Plants DO NOT JUST rely on diffusion alone, and DO have gas exchange organs.
True
False
MOST animals have specific gas exchange organs.
True
False
There are no animals that can exchange gas across their skin.
True
False (Some can)
The hydra, earthworm, and frog are some examples of animals that ________ exchange gases across their skin.
Can
Cannot
In aquatic animals, (a) are used for diffusion of oxygen into the animal.
A biological mechanism in which there is an exchange of a substance between fluids flowing in opposite directions. (This is directly seen via fish gill examples.)
(a)
In terrestrial insects, air enters and exits through (a) , which are openings in the exoskeleton, to the tracheae.
In the tracheal systems of terrestrial insects, the tracheae branch into smaller tracheoles and air sacs, in which gas exchange takes place.
True
False
In the tracheal system in mammals, air passes from the _________ to the _________ to the ________ to the ________.
nasal cavity, trachea, pharynx, larynx
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea
pharynx, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea
pharynx, trachea, nasal cavity, larynx
larynx, trachea, pharynx, nasal cavity
The trachea, in mammals, splits into 2 (a) .
After air progresses from the trachea to the bronchi, in mammals, they lead to smaller bronchioles to bind sacs called (a) .
Gas exchange, in mammals, with the blood takes place in the alveoli.
True
False
In birds, gas exchange with the blood takes place in the (a) in the lungs.
There are anterior AND posterior air sacs that are part of the air flow within birds.
True
False
Birds are more efficient at gas exchange than mammals.
True
False
___________ __________ is the measure of the potential energy of the free water in a solution.
(a)
In regards to water potential, water molecules move from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential.
True
False
The symbol for _________ _________ is ψ.
(a)
By definition, the water potential of pure water is 0 (zero).
True
False
Dissolving solutes into a solution lowers the potential energy of water in the solution, making the water potential more negative.
True
False
ψS is the symbol for the (a) potential, in regards to water potential.
ψP is the symbol for the (a) potential, in regards to water potential.
There is an equation for estimating the water potential of plant cells
- Ψ cell = ΨS + ΨP
True
False
In the equation for estimating the water potential of plant cells (Ψ cell = ΨS + ΨP), the ΨS is the solute potential of the _________/________.
(a)
In the equation for estimating the water potential of plant cells (Ψ cell = ΨS + ΨP), the ΨP is the pressure potential, or ________ _________.
(a)
In the equation for estimating the water potential of plant cells (Ψ cell = ΨS + ΨP), the ΨS is always (a) .
In the equation for estimating the water potential of plant cells (Ψ cell = ΨS + ΨP), the ΨP is (a) in living, healthy, hydrated cells.
In the equation for estimating the water potential of plant cells (Ψ cell = ΨS + ΨP), the ΨP is (a) in plasmolyzed cells.
In the equation for estimating the water potential of plant cells (Ψ cell = ΨS + ΨP), the ΨP is (a) in the lumen of vessel elements and tracheids.
Elodea cells are an example of cells where the ΨP (pressure potential) is greater than zero, which are in a ______/____tonic medium.
(a)
Plasmolyzed cells are an example of cells where the ΨP (pressure potential) is equal to zero, which are in a (a) tonic medium.
Soil particles are fine fragments of rocks.
True
False
Soil water is a (a) solution.
In soil water, ions are in an (a) with surfaces of soil particles and particles of organic matter.
In roots, water moves between the cells and the cell walls through the _______ ________.
(a)
In roots, water is forced through the (a) because of the Casparian strip on four sides of the endodermal cells.
_____________ ________ are specially modified primary carbohydrate cell walls found in the roots of many plants used to help control water transportation.
(a)
Water moves from root to leaf in the (a) , along a water potential gradient (using a cohesion-tension model).
__________ _______ (a combination of water and ions) in tracheids and vessels are under tension (ψP < 0) when water moves from root to leaf in the xylem.
(a)
Xylem sap is held in a column by the (a) forces of water molecules
Xylem sap travels approximately (a) cm/min.
Vessel elements and tracheids, although dead, are not passive.
True
False
Hydrogels (e.g. pectins) in the walls and pits shrink and swell, adjusting xylem flow for xylem sap of different solute potentials and/or pH.
True
False
Transpiration in plants is the evaporation of water through (a) to the atmosphere.
The major driving force for transport of water through xylem in plants during the day is (a) .
Temperature, relative humidity (RH), air movement are all factors that affect transpiration rate in plants.
True
False
About (a) % of H2O that is take in at roots is lost via transpiration.
The grams of H2O lost via transpiration is equal to the grams of CO2 fixed in a 300:1 ratio in C4 plants.
True
False
The grams of H2O lost via transpiration is equal to the grams of CO2 fixed in a 600:1 ratio in C3 plants.
True
False
Mineral transportation and evaporative cooling are some of the more important benefits of water loss via transpiration.
True
False
In plants, the transportation of sugars is facilitated by the (a) , which allows movement from sugar sources to sugar sinks.
It takes about a gallon of water to grow one almond.
True
False
(a) is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod (invertebrate) body, remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues.
The bulk flow in animals is comprised of a circulatory system with NO MORE THAN one heart.
True
False
In animals with open circulatory systems, such as grasshoppers, the circulating fluid (hemolymph) is not always contained in vessels.
True
False
In animals with closed circulatory systems, such as worms, the circulating fluid (blood) is always contained in vessels.
True
False
In fish, blood makes __ pass through a __-chambered heart.
(Both numbers)
(a)
In amphibians, blood makes __ pass(es) through a __-chambered heart.
(Both numbers)
(a)
In mammals, blood makes __ pass(es) through a __-chambered heart.
(Both numbers)
(a)
Amphibians have a 3-chambered heart, that has 2 atria and 1 ventricle.
True
False
Mammals have a 4-chambered heart, that has 2 atria and 2 ventricle.
True
False
In order for a life cycle to be sexual, it must involve meiosis and fertilization.
True
False
Plants experience a diploid/haploid life cycle, where during their life cycles, they transition between diploid multicellular organisms (called sporophytes) and haploid multicellular organisms (called gametophytes).
True
False
Most fungi, and some protists, experience a haplotonic life cycle, where whether they are multicellular or unicellular, they are always only in possession of one copy of their chromosomes/genes.
True
False
Flower parts are typically broken up into 4 (a) :
- sepals, petals, stamens, pistils
The outermost whorl in a plant is the (a) , made up of functional units called sepals.
The second whorl in a plant is the (a) , made up of functional units called petals, and is internal to the calyx.
The third whorl in a plant is the (a) , made up of functional units called stamens, which are further split up into a stalk filament and the anther, which produces microspores called pollen, containing the sperm for the plant.
The innermost whorl in a plant is the (a) , made up of functional units called pistils (or carpels), are responsible for the ovary, style, and stigma of the plant.
The carpels of the gynoecium of a plant are categorized as either apocarpous or syncarpous.
True
False
In the gynoecium whorl of a flower part, apocarpous carpels tend to have more than one carpel with free nature.
True
False
In the gynoecium whorl of a flower part, syncarpous ovaries tend to have fused carpels.
True
False
What is the function of the calyx whorl?
It serves several functions to ensure the flower's life, such as protection, photosynthesis, and defense against insects.
It functions in aiding the reproduction process known as pollination.
It functions to produce sperm cells packaged inside pollen grains.
Its functions to produce the ova, or female sex cell, and provide a place for seed development.
What is the function of the corolla whorl?
It serves several functions to ensure the flower's life, such as protection, photosynthesis, and defense against insects.
It functions in aiding the reproduction process known as pollination.
It functions to produce sperm cells packaged inside pollen grains.
Its functions to produce the ova, or female sex cell, and provide a place for seed development.
What is the function of the androecium whorl?
It serves several functions to ensure the flower's life, such as protection, photosynthesis, and defense against insects.
It functions in aiding the reproduction process known as pollination.
It functions to produce sperm cells packaged inside pollen grains.
Its functions to produce the ova, or female sex cell, and provide a place for seed development.
What is the function of the gynoecium whorl?
It serves several functions to ensure the flower's life, such as protection, photosynthesis, and defense against insects.
It functions in aiding the reproduction process known as pollination.
It functions to produce sperm cells packaged inside pollen grains.
Its functions to produce the ova, or female sex cell, and provide a place for seed development.
In regards to the model of ABC genetic control of floral morphology, the A gene controls:
calyx and corolla development
corolla and androecium development
androecium and gynoecium development
In regards to the model of ABC genetic control of floral morphology, the B gene controls:
calyx and corolla development
corolla and androecium development
androecium and gynoecium development
In regards to the model of ABC genetic control of floral morphology, the C gene controls:
calyx and corolla development
corolla and androecium development
androecium and gynoecium development
(a) is the transfer of pollen (male gametophyte) to the stigma of the pistil.
REVIEW THIS INFORMATION:
In the process of plant fertilization, it begins with pollen adhering (sticking) to the stigma surface --> becomes hydrated on stigma --> pollen germination occurs --> pollen tube penetrates the style (if possible via general breeding compatibility standards) -->pollen tube grows toward and through a degenerating synergid --> one sperm fuses with egg --> zygote, embryo --> the other sperm fuses with polar nuclei --> endosperm nucleus --> endosperm
True
True
The study of organisms and their environment.
(a)
There are many levels of ecological study (such as):
- organismal, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and global ecologies
True
False
Within the levels of ecology, organismal ecology umbrellas multiple different types:
I. behavior
II. physiology
III. morphology
I and II
I and III
II and III
All of the above
(a) is determined by the angle of the incoming solar radiation.
Temperature differences between seasons vary due to the (a) of incoming solar radiation.
Earth is closest to the sun on the second of (a) .
Earth is farthest to the sun on the fifth of (a) .
Evergreen trees dominate in BOTH the Taiga and Tropical Rainforest biomes.
True
False
The taiga biome is dominated by evergreen trees with __________ leaves.
Needle
Broad
The tropical rainforest biome is dominated by evergreen trees with __________ leaves.
Needle
Broad
The productivity of a terrestrial biome is ___________ correlated with temperature and precipitation.
Positively
Negatively
Species diversity present amongst different biomes INCREASES from topics to poles.
True
False
