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WorksheetsAP Human Geography: Political Patterns and Processes | Unit 4
Total questions: 65
Worksheet time: 2hrs 34mins
Stateless Nation
Nations of people without a state to occupy.
Consists of a nation of people that live in more than one state.
A country with various ethnicities and cultures.
A location within a state that is given authority to government independently from the national government.
Stateless Nation examples:
The Kurds in Southwest Asia.
The Basque in Spain.
Russians in Europe.
Palestinans in Israel.
Nation State
A state with a majority of only one nation.
A nation of people without a state to occupy.
A country with various ethnicities and cultures.
A location within a state that is granted independence.
Multistate Nation
Nations of people without a state to occupy.
Consists of a nation of people that live in more than one state.
A country with various ethnicities and cultures.
A location within a state that is given authority to government independently from the national government.
Multistate Nation example:
North and South Korean
The United States
China
South Africa
Multinational Nation
Nations of people without a state to occupy.
Consists of a nation of people that live in more than one state.
A country with various ethnicities and cultures.
A location within a state that is given authority to government independently from the national government.
Multinational Nation examples:
The United States
The United Kingdom
Yugoslavia
The USSR
Autonomous Region
Nations of people without a state to occupy.
Consists of a nation of people that live in more than one state.
A country with various ethnicities and cultures.
A location within a state that is given authority to government independently from the national government.
Semi-autonomous Region
A location within a state that is given authority to government independently from the national government.
A region within a state that has a moderate degree of self-governance.
Semi-autonomous Region examples:
Hong Kong within China.
Tibet in China.
The Kurdistan region in Iraq.
Scotland in the UK.
Autonomous Region examples:
Native American reservations in the US.
Tibet in China.
Hong Kong in China.
Quebec in Canada.
Devolution
The transfer of power from a regional government to a central government, due to centrifugal forces.
The transfer of power from a central government to a regional government, due to centripetal forces.
The transfer of power from a regional government to a central government, due to centrifugal forces.
The transfer of power from a central government to a regional government, due to centrifugal forces.
Devolution occurs when states _______ into autonomous regions; subnational political-territorial units, such as those within Spain, Belgium, Canada, and Nigeria; or when states _______ as happened in Eritrea, South Sudan, East Timor, and states that were part of the former Soviet Union.
Fragment, disintegrate.
Disintegrate, fragment.
What can cause devolution?
Increased centralization of power.
Stronger federal government.
Decreased regional autonomy.
Desire for more autonomy.
When a state cannot resolve issues, these devolutionary forces may result in…
Disintegration of a state.
Secession or separatism
Centralization and consolidation
Unity and cooperation.
Devolution examples:
Canada granted Quebec more independence in comparison to other provinces.
The breakup of Yugoslavia into new, smaller countries.
United Kingdom giving more autonomy to it’s
regional governments like Wales and Scotland
The relocation of Native Americans from Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi to Oklahoma.
Devolution: States must concede some power to autonomous regions or sub national political unites in order to avoid conflict. An example of this would be…
Catalonia and Basque in Spain, caused by the suppression of autonomy.
Arewa, Oduduwa, and Biafra in Nigeria.
The breakup of Yugoslavia.
Quebec in Canada.
What are the effects of devolution?
Increased regional autonomy
Potential for increased local accountability
Increased nationwide unity.
Potential for increased regional disparities
The Berlin Conference was a meeting held to discuss the division of Africa. Over time, this caused violence and conflict which impacted the development of African countries. What were the main countries involved in this?
Germany, Russia, Great Britain, Hungary, Poland, Finland, Belgium.
Spain, Romania, Poland, Austria, Norway, Ukraine, Croatia.
Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Italy.
Czech, France, Italy, Sweden, Russia, Bulgaria, Serbia.
Québecois are clearly distinct from other Canadians in cultural traditions, especially language. The distinction is critical because if Québécois is recognized as a ______________ from English-speaking Canadian, then the Québec government would have a much stronger justification for breaking away from Canada to form an independent country.
Separate nationality.
Similar nationality.
All boundaries are human created ideas which can be
reinforced with walls/other obstacles.
True
False
Deserts propose as a natural obstacle to migration.
True
False
Characteristics of mountains:
Contributed to the breakup of Yugoslavia.
Difficult to cross.
Sparsely populated,
Chile and Argentina almost went to war over those.
Antecedent Boundary
Borders that are established before there has been major settlement by people in a territory. Examples: 49th parallel that separates the United States and Canada
Borders that are drawn in areas that have been settled by people, typically due to changes that occurred over time.
Example: Boundaries in Europe have changed frequently throughout history usually in response to a new empire, war, or political agreement.
Takes into account the existing cultural distribution of the people living in the territory and redevelops boundary lines to more closely align with cultural boundaries. Example: The boundary between Nunavut and
the rest of Canada drawn in 1999, established a province that coincided with indigenous groups.
Border that is drawn over existing and
accepted borders by an outside force. Example: The Berlin Conference imposed arbitrary boundaries throughout the continent of Africa.
Subsequent Boundary
Borders that are established before there has been major settlement by people in a territory. Examples: 49th parallel that separates the United States and Canada
Borders that are drawn in areas that have been settled by people, typically due to changes that occurred over time.
Example: Boundaries in Europe have changed frequently throughout history usually in response to a new empire, war, or political agreement.
Takes into account the existing cultural distribution of the people living in the territory and redevelops boundary lines to more closely align with cultural boundaries. Example: The boundary between Nunavut and
the rest of Canada drawn in 1999, established a province that coincided with indigenous groups.
Border that is drawn over existing and
accepted borders by an outside force. Example: The Berlin Conference imposed arbitrary boundaries throughout the continent of Africa.
Consequent Boundary
Borders that are established before there has been major settlement by people in a territory. Examples: 49th parallel that separates the United States and Canada
Borders that are drawn in areas that have been settled by people, typically due to changes that occurred over time.
Example: Boundaries in Europe have changed frequently throughout history usually in response to a new empire, war, or political agreement.
Takes into account the existing cultural distribution of the people living in the territory and redevelops boundary lines to more closely align with cultural boundaries. Example: The boundary between Nunavut and
the rest of Canada drawn in 1999, established a province that coincided with indigenous groups.
Border that is drawn over existing and
accepted borders by an outside force. Example: The Berlin Conference imposed arbitrary boundaries throughout the continent of Africa.
Superimposed Boundary
Borders that are established before there has been major settlement by people in a territory. Examples: 49th parallel that separates the United States and Canada
Borders that are drawn in areas that have been settled by people, typically due to changes that occurred over time.
Example: Boundaries in Europe have changed frequently throughout history usually in response to a new empire, war, or political agreement.
Takes into account the existing cultural distribution of the people living in the territory and redevelops boundary lines to more closely align with cultural boundaries. Example: The boundary between Nunavut and
the rest of Canada drawn in 1999, established a province that coincided with indigenous groups.
Border that is drawn over existing and
accepted borders by an outside force. Example: The Berlin Conference imposed arbitrary boundaries throughout the continent of Africa.
Geometric Boundary
Borders that are established before there has been major settlement by people in a territory. Examples: 49th parallel that separates the United States and Canada
Border that is drawn over existing and
accepted borders by an outside force. Example: The Berlin Conference imposed arbitrary boundaries throughout the continent of Africa.
Borders that are established on straight lines of latitude and longitude instead of physical or cultural boundaries. Examples: The Sykes-Picot agreement, Europeans
split up the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Established border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq Also a superimposed boundary.
Border that no longer exists, but has left some imprint on the local cultural or environmental geography. Examples: Boundary between East Germany and West Germany during the Cold War, the Iron Curtain, the Confederacy in the US
Relic Boundary
Borders that are established before there has been major settlement by people in a territory. Examples: 49th parallel that separates the United States and Canada
Border that is drawn over existing and
accepted borders by an outside force. Example: The Berlin Conference imposed arbitrary boundaries throughout the continent of Africa.
Borders that are established on straight lines of latitude and longitude instead of physical or cultural boundaries. Examples: The Sykes-Picot agreement, Europeans
split up the Arab provinces of the
Ottoman Empire after World War I. Established border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq Also a superimposed boundary.
Border that no longer exists, but has left some imprint on the local cultural or environmental geography. Examples: Boundary between East Germany and West Germany during the Cold War, the Iron Curtain, the Confederacy in the US
Defined
Countries legally define and agree to
where borders are located through an
agreement or treaty.
Identifying the location of the defined
boundaries on a map. Usually at the same time that boundaries are defined and done through a legal designation.
Visible marking of the landscape with objects, such as fences or signs.
Legal management of the border through laws, immigration regulation,
documentation, and prosecution.
Delimited
Countries legally define and agree to
where borders are located through an
agreement or treaty.
Identifying the location of the defined
boundaries on a map. Usually at the same time that boundaries are defined and done through a legal designation.
Visible marking of the landscape with objects, such as fences or signs.
Legal management of the border through laws, immigration regulation,
documentation, and prosecution.
Demarcated
Countries legally define and agree to
where borders are located through an
agreement or treaty.
Identifying the location of the defined
boundaries on a map. Usually at the same time that boundaries are defined and done through a legal designation.
Visible marking of the landscape with objects, such as fences or signs.
Legal management of the border through laws, immigration regulation,
documentation, and prosecution.
Administered
Countries legally define and agree to
where borders are located through an
agreement or treaty.
Identifying the location of the defined
boundaries on a map. Usually at the same time that boundaries are defined and done through a legal designation.
Visible marking of the landscape with objects, such as fences or signs.
Legal management of the border through laws, immigration regulation,
documentation, and prosecution.
What treaty establishes a framework for marine activities in order to ensure the protection and preservation of the living resources of the sea?
The UNCLOS, concluded in 1982, replaced ____ 1958 treaties. As of January 2015, ____ countries and the European Union have joined in the Convention.
4, 166
7, 150
5, 137
8, 178
What does the UNCLOS do?
Replaces the older and weaker 'freedom of the seas' concept: national rights were limited to a specified belt of water extending from a nation's coastlines, usually three nautical miles.
All waters beyond national boundaries were considered international waters: free to all nations, but belonging to none of them
Some nations expressed their desire to extend national claims: to include mineral resources, to protect fish stocks, and to provide the means to enforce pollution controls
President Truman in 1945 extended United States control to all the natural resources of its continental shelf.
Which area does a state have the right to explore and use marine resources such as fishing, whaling, as well as natural resources like gas and oil?
Exclusive Economic Zone
How far is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) from the baseline?
Median Line Principle
Example: Quebec within Canada.
The establishment of a boundary that is midway between two or more states’ coasts.
A cultural boundary between two areas within a state.
Example: The Great Lakes between Canada and the USA.
Characteristics of the Continental Shelf:
May exceed 200 nautical miles until the natural prolongation ends.
May never exceed 350 nautical miles from the baseline.
May never exceed 100 nautical miles beyond the 2,500 meter isobeth.
Is the extended portion of a continent that is submerged under the ocean.
Territorial Sea
An area of water that extends up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state.
Has complete sovereignty over the water and airspace.
The right of “innocent passage” allows foreign ships to pass through as long as there are no disturbances.
Is completely restricted from the passage of foreign ships and is only used to navigate resources.
Supranationalism
An alliance or organization involving 3 or more countries for their mutual benefit such as economic, cultural, or political military.
The spread of representative government to more
countries and the process of making governments more representative.
Examples: The World Trade Organization (WTO), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU), the United Nations (UN).
What are the characteristics that make a state?
Unlimited resources, strong military, large population.
No defined territory, temporary population, no government, isolation from other states.
Lack of infrastructure, unstable economy, absence of laws and regulations.
Defined territory, permanent population, government, sovereignty, and recognition by other states.
Federal State
A style of government in which power is shared between central, regional, and local governments. Are subjected to one federal government but have powers of their own. Power is diffused to state and local governments on many levels. Is multinational and large. Positives: has a reduction of conflict because substrates can legislate differently. Local issues are solved quickly by regional/local governments. Negatives: conflict between nation, state, and local level governmental units can cause confusion and stall progress. Is slow to progress. Example: amending the constitution - 3/4 of states needed to ratify/38 states have to agree.
A style of government in which the power is located centrally and the purpose of regional or local units is to carry out policy. Regional and local political units exist, but often do not act independently to make laws or policy. The units are an extension of the central government. Very little political power outside of the central government. Limited diffusion of power. States are more likely smaller and compact with less cultural differences and minority groups. Positives: Efficiency in the creation of laws. Change happens quickly because it only has one government to go through. Sense of unity. Negatives: more vulnerable to corruption. May only serve the interests of the dominate group. Central government may not be in touch with local issues. Slower to respond to local issues.
Federal State example:
Example: United States, larger land mass with multiple regions that have
different beliefs and values
Example: Spain, Ireland, Romania, are small and compact countries
Unitary State
A style of government in which power is shared between central, regional, and local governments. Are subjected to one federal government but have powers of their own. Power is diffused to state and local governments on many levels. Is multinational and large. Positives: has a reduction of conflict because substrates can legislate differently. Local issues are solved quickly by regional/local governments. Negatives: conflict between nation, state, and local level governmental units can cause confusion and stall progress. Is slow to progress. Example: amending the constitution - 3/4 of states needed to ratify/38 states have to agree.
A style of government in which the power is located centrally and the purpose of regional or local units is to carry out policy. Regional and local political units exist, but often do not act independently to make laws or policy. The units are an extension of the central government. Very little political power outside of the central government. Limited diffusion of power. States are more likely smaller and compact with less cultural differences and minority groups. Positives: Efficiency in the creation of laws. Change happens quickly because it only has one government to go through. Sense of unity. Negatives: more vulnerable to corruption. May only serve the interests of the dominate group. Central government may not be in touch with local issues. Slower to respond to local issues.
Unitary State example:
Example: United States, larger land mass with multiple regions that have
different beliefs and values
Example: Spain, Ireland, Romania, are small and compact countries
Established in 2002, the AU encompasses 54 countries in Africa. The AU replaced an earlier organization called the _________________, founded in 1963 primarily to seek an end to colonialism and apartheid in Africa. The new organization has placed more emphasis on promoting economic integration in Africa.
The Separatists Collection
Organization of African Unity
The Unitarian Organization
The Unity Collectiom
Identify the racial classes during Apartheid:
African, American, European
Black, European, Middle Eastern
White, Black, Colored, Asian
What were homelands during Apartheid?
Areas where black South Africans were expected to move.
Areas that were restricted to only white South Africans.
Areas that were restricted to wildlife only.
Residential areas for foreign diplomats.
De Facto Segregation
Segregation due to economic factors.
Segregation that happens due to centrifugal forces.
Segregation that happens by fact rather than by law.
The African National Congress was legalized and ____________ was released after 27 years of imprisonment.
The apartheid system was created by descendants of whites who arrived in South Africa from the ________ in 1652 and settled in Cape Town, at the southern tip of the territory. The ________ seized the Dutch colony in 1795 and controlled South Africa’s government until 1948.
Netherlands, Americans
Americas, British
Netherlands, British
Americas, American
The __th amendment outlawed slavery; the __th amendment granted African Americans citizenship.
13, 14
14, 13
20, 23
23, 20
Where were the two distinctive internal migration patterns of Africans?
Interregional migration from the U.S. South to northern cities during the first half of the twentieth century.
Intraregional migration from inner-city ghettos to outer-city and inner suburban neighborhoods during the second half of the twentieth century.
Interregional migration from inner-city ghettos to outer-city and inner suburban neighborhoods during the second half of the twentieth century.
Intraregional migration from the U.S. South to northern cities during the first half of the twentieth century.
At the conclusion of the Civil War, most African Americans remained in the South and worked as…
Factory workers
Landowners
Merchants
What is it called when estate agents convince white homeowners to sell their houses at low prices, preying on their fears that black people would move into the neighborhood and cause property values to decline?
Blockbusting
Which act banned residential segregation?
Segregation laws were designed to discourage the ________ of different races/ethnicities.
Merging
Spacial interaction
Blending
Integration
Many African Americans, recent immigrants, and those of other ethnicities remain clustered in _____ neighborhoods because of economic and cultural factors. _____ schools also consist mainly of black and other “minority” students.
Urban
Rural
What is it called when whites emigrate from an area in anticipation of blacks immigrating into that area?
Minority relocation
White exodus
White flight
Black migration
Pleasure v. Ferguson (1896)
The law that required white and black people to ride in different trains, was deemed constitutional because it provided spearhead, but equal treatment for both races. “Separate but equal.”
Black people had to sit at the back of busses. Shops, restaurants, and hotels could choose to only serve whites. Separate schools were established. Black people were restricted from moving into white neighborhoods.
Stated that separate schools for black and white people was unconstitutional, and a year later the Supreme Court ruled that schools had to be desegregated.
Jim Crow Laws
The law that required white and black people to ride in different trains, was deemed constitutional because it provided spearhead, but equal treatment for both races. “Separate but equal.”
Black people had to sit at the back of busses. Shops, restaurants, and hotels could choose to only serve whites. Separate schools were established. Black people were restricted from moving into white neighborhoods.
Stated that separate schools for black and white people was unconstitutional, and a year later the Supreme Court ruled that schools had to be desegregated.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
The law that required white and black people to ride in different trains, was deemed constitutional because it provided spearhead, but equal treatment for both races. “Separate but equal.”
Black people had to sit at the back of busses. Shops, restaurants, and hotels could choose to only serve whites. Separate schools were established. Black people were restricted from moving into white neighborhoods.
Stated that separate schools for black and white people was unconstitutional, and a year later the Supreme Court ruled that schools had to be desegregated.
Shatterbelt
A region of political instability and potential for armed conflict that is caught between two larger countries.
Example: Germany during the Cold War.
