_____ is defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions.

Corporations use only structured data.

Structure is based on the type of processing to be performed on the data.

A data warehouse can store data derived from many sources.

MySQL is an example of the _____.

The _____ relationship should be rare in any relational database design.

A _____ is a primary key created by a database designer to simplify the identification of entity instances. 

The purpose of an entity _____ is to simplify an entity-relationship diagram (ERD) and thus enhance its readability.

Nonoverlapping subtypes are subtypes that contain a(n) _____ subset of the supertype entity set.

Within a specialization hierarchy, every subtype can have _____ supertype(s) to which it is directly related.

The “_____” characteristic of a primary key states that the primary key must uniquely identify each entity instance, must be able to guarantee unique values, and must not contain nulls.

The response of the DBMS to a query is the ___________

A data warehouse contains historical data obtained from the _____.

The “_____” characteristic of a primary key states that the primary key should not have embedded semantic meaning.

From a structural point of view, 2NF is better than _____.

Repeating groups must be eliminated by ensuring that each row defines a single entity.

A(n) _____ exists when there are functional dependencies such that Y is functionally dependent on X, Z is functionally dependent on Y, and X is the primary key.

When two or more tables share the same number of columns, and when their corresponding columns share the same or compatible domains, they are said to be _____.

The row’s range of permissible values is known as its domain.

RDBMSs enforce integrity rules automatically.

To simplify the conceptual design, most higher-order relationships are decomposed into appropriate equivalent _____ relationships whenever possible.

Database design is a(n) _____ process based on repetition.

The _____ constraint can be placed on a column to ensure that every row in the table has a value for that column.

A(n) _____ only returns matched records from the tables that are being joined.

_____, also known as RESTRICT, yields values for all rows found in a table that satisfy a given condition.

The _____ relationship is the “relational model ideal.”

The SELECT operator yields a vertical subset of a table.

The entity relationship diagram (ERD) represents the _____ database as viewed by the end user.

In Chen notation, there is no way to represent cardinality.

Composite attributes make it easier to facilitate detailed queries.

Some very specialized applications may require normalization beyond the _____.

Relational models view data as part of a table or collection of tables in which all key values must be identified.

Denormalization produces a lower normal form.

The most likely data type for a surrogate key is _____.

_____ is the bottom-up process of identifying a higher-level, more generic entity supertype from lower-level entity subtypes.

The relationships depicted within the specialization hierarchy are sometimes described in terms of “is-a” relationships.

Which of the following is true of spreadsheet applications?

_____ are the result of formatting disorganized data in order to facilitate storage, use and generation of information.

_____ is the body of information and facts about a specific subject.

Data is the result of processing raw facts to reveal its meaning.

Most data that can be encountered are best classified as _____.

The only way to access the data in a database is through the DBMS.

If one exists, a data modeler uses a _____ as the primary key of the entity being modeled.

From a system functionality point of view, _____ attribute values can be calculated when they are needed to write reports or invoices.

A table is in BCNF if every determinant in the table is a foreign key.

The organization of data within folders in a manual file system is determined by _______.

_____ provide a description of the data characteristics and the set of relationships that link the data found within the database.

The hierarchical data model was developed in the _____.

The object-oriented data model was developed in the _____.

The relational data model was developed in the _____.

The network model has structural level dependence.

The _____ model was developed to allow designers to use a graphical tool to examine structures rather than describing them with text.

In an SQL-based relational database, rows in different tables are related based on common values in common attributes.

The hierarchical model is software-independent.

The one-to-many (1:M) relationship is easily implemented in the relational model by putting the foreign key of the “1” side in the table of the “many” side as a primary key.

_____ are especially useful when you are trying to determine what values in related tables cause referential integrity problems.

As rare as 1:1 relationships should be, certain conditions absolutely require their use.

A _____ key is defined as a key that is used strictly for data retrieval purposes.

A derived attribute is indicated in the Chen notation by a _____ that connects the attribute and an entity.

When the specific cardinalities are not included on the diagram in Crow's Foot notation, cardinality is implied by the use of _____.

An entity in the entity relationship model corresponds to a table in the relational environment.

If Tiny College has some departments that are classified as “research only” and do not offer courses, the COURSE entity of the college database would be _____ the DEPARTMENT entity.

Within a specialization hierarchy, a supertype can exist only within the context of a subtype.

The “_____” characteristic of a primary key states that the selected primary key must not be composed of any attribute(s) that might be considered a violation.

The property of _____ enables an entity subtype to inherit the attributes and relationships of the supertype.

Specialization is the top-down process of identifying lower-level, more specific entity subtypes from a higher-level entity supertype.

At the implementation level, the supertype and its subtype(s) depicted in a specialization hierarchy maintain a(n) _____ relationship.

According to the “preferably single-attribute” characteristic of a primary key, the primary key:

In the context of total completeness, in a(n) _____, every supertype occurrence is a member of at least one subtype. 

Disjoint subtypes are subtypes that contain nonunique subsets of the supertype entity set.

To model time-variant data, one must create a new entity in an M:N relationship with the original entity.

All relational tables satisfy the 1NF requirements.

Dependency diagrams are very helpful in getting a bird’s-eye view of all the relationships among a table’s attributes.

A dependency of one nonprime attribute on another nonprime attribute is a partial dependency.

Dependencies that are based on only a part of a composite primary key are called transitive dependencies.

A table that has all key attributes defined, has no repeating groups, and all its attributes are dependent on the primary key is said to be in _____.

A relational table must not contain a(n) _____.

A data model is usually graphical.

A disadvantage of the relational database management system (RDBMS) is its inability to hide the complexities of the relational model from the user.

A(n) _____ database is used by an organization and supports many users across many departments.

Structural dependence exists when it is possible to make changes in the file structure without affecting the application program’s ability to access the data.

Which of the following refers to the situation where different versions of the same data are stored at different places because they weren’t updated consistently?

_____ data exist in a format that does not lend itself to processing that yields information.

The term _____ refers to an organization of components that define and regulate the collection, storage, management and use of data within a database environment.

When data are entered into a form and saved, they are placed in the underlying database as knowledge.

The DBMS reveals much of the database’s internal complexity to the application programs and users.

_____ is the result of revealing the meaning of raw facts.

_____ data exist in the format in which they were collected.

An XML database supports the storage and management of _____ XML data.

The _____ data model uses the concept of inheritance.

An implementation-ready data model should contain a description of the data structure that will store the end-user data.

A(n) _____ is a restriction placed on the data.

In the context of data models, an entity is a person, place, thing, or event about which data will be collected and stored.

A(n) _____’s main function is to help one understand the complexities of the real-world environment.

In an SQL-based relational database, each table is dependent on every other table.

Today, most relational database products can be classified as object/relational.

M:N relationships are not appropriate in a relational model.

Database designers determine the data and information that yield the required understanding of the entire business.

The _____ model uses the term connectivity to label the relationship types.

Even when a good database blueprint is available, an applications programmer’s view of the data should match that of the manager and the end user.

In Chen notation, entities and relationships have to be oriented horizontally; not vertically.

A(n) _____ is anything about which data are to be collected and stored.

Each row in the relational table is known as an entity instance or entity occurrence in the ER model.

Business rules apply to businesses and government groups, but not to other types of organizations such as religious groups or research laboratories.

In a database context, a(n) _____ indicates the use of different names to describe the same attribute.

According to Codd’s _____ rule of relational databases, application programs and ad hoc facilities are logically unaffected when changes are made to the table structures that preserve the original table values (changing order of columns or inserting columns).

A data dictionary is sometimes described as “the database designer’s database” because it records the design decisions about tables and their structures.

Character data can contain any character or symbol intended for mathematical manipulation.

The DIFFERENCE operator subtracts one table from the other.

If the attribute (B) is functionally dependent on a composite key (A) but not on any subset of that composite key, the attribute (B) is fully functionally dependent on (A).

A _____ key can be described as a minimal superkey, a superkey without any unnecessary attributes.

The CUSTOMER table’s primary key is CUS_CODE. The CUSTOMER primary key column has no null entries, and all entries are unique. This is an example of _____ integrity.

In a natural join, the column on which the join was made occurs twice in the new table.

A _____ is any key that uniquely identifies each row.

A(n) _____ join links tables by selecting only the rows with common values in their common attribute(s).

A _____ is the primary key of one table that has been placed into another table to create a common attribute.

A _____ attribute can be further subdivided to yield additional attributes.

Ideally, an entity identifier is composed of _____ attribute(s).

A composite identifier is a primary key composed of more than one attribute.

In the entity relationship diagram (ERD), cardinality is indicated using the _____ notation, where max is the maximum number of associated entities and min represents the minimum number of associated entities.

Referential integrity and participation are both bidirectional, meaning that they must be addressed in both directions along a relationship.

A _____ relationship exists when an association is maintained within a single entity.

In implementation terms, an entity is existence-dependent if it has a mandatory primary key.

In the original Chen notation, each attribute is represented by an oval with the attribute name connected to an entity rectangle with a line.

A _____ entity has a primary key that is partially or totally derived from the parent entity in the relationship.

A _____ attribute is one that cannot be subdivided.

A(n) _____ is the set of possible values for a given attribute.

If an employee within an EMPLOYEE entity has a relationship with itself, that relationship is known as a _____ relationship.

The existence of a mandatory relationship indicates that the minimum cardinality is 0 or 1 for the mandatory entity.

Software vendors have adopted the Chen representation because of its compact representation.

The first step in building an entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is _____.

In a 1:M relationship, to avoid the possibility of referential integrity errors, the data of the "1" side must be loaded first.

An entity cluster is a "virtual" entity type used to represent multiple entities and relationships in the ERD.

Which of the following is a specialization hierarchy overlapping constraint scenario in case of partial completeness? 

Entity subtypes do not inherit the relationships in which the supertype entity participates.

Entity supertypes and subtypes are organized in a specialization hierarchy.

Implementing overlapping subtypes requires the use of one discriminator attribute for each subtype. 

Composite primary keys are particularly useful as identifiers of composite entities, where each primary key combination is allowed only once in the _____ relationship.

Overlapping subtypes are subtypes that contain a unique subset of the supertype entity set.

It is possible for a table in 2NF to exhibit transitive dependency, where the primary key may rely on one or more nonprime attributes to functionally determine other nonprime attributes.

If a table has multiple candidate keys and one of those candidate keys is a composite key, the table can have _____ based on this composite candidate key even when the primary key chosen is a single attribute.

Normalization represents a micro view of the entities within the ERD.

Normalization works through a series of stages called normal forms.

From a structural point of view, 3NF is better than _____.

A table that is in 2NF and contains no transitive dependencies is said to be in _____.

Dependencies based on only a part of a composite primary key are known as _____ dependencies.

An attribute that is part of a key is known as a(n) _____ attribute.

Normalization is a process that is used for changing attributes to entities.

The combination of normalization and ER modeling yields a useful ERD, whose entities can be translated into appropriate table structures.