consists of well-defined phases that are followed methodically. Most of the larger organizations use the SDLC process in their development to check if the requirements are followed, including its progress.

(a)  

is the oldest method when building information systems. It is a phased approach in creating or building a system by dividing systems development into formal stages. It is still used for large complex systems that require a formal requirements analysis, predefined specifications, and tight control in the process of creating a system

(a)  

·       What is the business process needed to support a system?

·       What problems do you want to solve?

(a)  

·       Is the technology available to create the system?

·       Which of the available technologies should be used?

(a)  

·       What are the resources needed to implement the system?

·       Will the system’s benefits outweigh its costs?

(a)  

·       Will the system be used to its full capacity?

·       Will the system be used appropriately by its intended users?

(a)  

·       Does it support other systems such as web and mobile technologies?

(a)  

In this phase, the system design shows how the system will fulfill the objectives based on the requirements that have come up. The designer of the system will be responsible for giving the details of the system specification, which will deliver all the functions that have been identified in the system analysis phase.

(a)  

This phase is the most respected in systems development. Testing each module in every simulation does not mean that the functionalities are in good condition; rather, it is important to test the entire system. It should include attempts to get the system to fail and to violate processes and security controls.

(a)  

In the new IS, implementation is referred to as delivery. This consists of conversion and training. Conversion takes place when an operation in an organization switches from using an existing or old system to the new system.

(a)  

implementation is referred to as

(a)  

When the new system is installed, it is said to be in production. In this stage, the system will be reviewed by both users and technical specialists to check if it meets the original objectives. If the system is fine and meets all the objectives, then it should be maintained.

When the system is in production, the errors will be corrected, meet all the requirements, or improve processing efficiency. If there are some changes or new requirements in software or hardware, or if there is an improvement of the process, it is called maintenance.

(a)  

In this stage, the system will be reviewed by both users and technical specialists to check if it meets the original objectives. If the system is fine and meets all the objectives, then it should be maintained.

(a)  

When the system is in production, the errors will be corrected, meet all the requirements, or improve processing efficiency. If there are some changes or new requirements in software or hardware, or if there is an improvement of the process, it is called

(a)  

This approach relies on the skills and experience of the individual staff. It only refers to the small projects at which the staff is skilled.

(a)  

This method is the most common and the earliest structured system development and is still widely used.

(a)  

It is developed on the assumption that it knows all the requirements at the beginning of the project. When using this approach, the developer only builds a simplified version of the proposed system and presents it to the client. After presenting, the client will give feedback for revisions or adjustments based on the requirements.

(a)  

·         This approach is designed to include the best features from the waterfall and the prototype models. It describes the process that is followed as the development takes place.

(a)  

·         This approach focuses on the fast delivery of the working software by dividing a large project into a series of small subprojects, which will be completed in short periods using iteration and continuous feedback.

Since the project is divided, each team works on a small project. It helps minimize the overall risk and allows the project to adapt to changes more quickly. In addition, there is face-to-face communication over written documents, so it encourages the members to collaborate and make decisions quickly.

(a)  

Tasks in the Development Process Life Cycle (1)

(a)  

Tasks in the Development Process Life Cycle (2)

(a)  

To communicate ideas about the data that have been gathered, systems analysts and programmers use convention symbols, such as the ___ it's symbols are suitable for describing any information systems (IS) even if this is not computer-based. It helps pinpoint the weaknesses in an existing system. While ___ are easy to learn and use, these still have limitations like any diagramming method and cannot describe a system completely.

(a)  

is a graphical standard for visualizing, specifying, and documenting software. This tool helps developers to communicate and logically validate desired features in the design phases of software development projects. It consists of diagrams that describe the use case, class, interaction, activity, and physical components

(a)  

-          A number, statement, image, or video that may represent specific data.

(a)  

Sale of goods and services, payment of payables to suppliers, investment of cash by the owners, or internal and external transactions

(a)  

-          It refers to a collection of data, such as words, numbers, images or graphics.

-          This is a produced data that contains useful context for some users that may need it.

(a)  

-          Every information must be up to date based on the requirements—not too early and not too late for the end user.

(a)  

A system must have appropriate and relevant information in every module. It must be relevant to the user who is using it.

(a)  

Information must be correct or precise. For example, systems performing calculations must produce the exact values.

(a)  

-          Not all information must be displayed in the system. It should only contain the minimum detail that is appropriate to the user.

(a)  

Any information should be understandable. The format and how the information is presented are important. Using colors can enhance the presented information to make it easier for the user to understand.

(a)  

Any information must be complete based on the requirements. If an information is incomplete, it may lead to bad decisions

(a)  

-          This refers to the components that are interrelated, working together with a common goal to accept inputs and outputs.

(a)  

-          This is the scope of activities in which it is limited for viewing or accessing any module of a system.

-          Every user of the system has a specific access on each module. For example, the person who is responsible for the inventory can only access the inventory module, while the manager has access to all the modules of the system.

-          Every system consists of subsystems that have different objectives and interactions based on the given requirements.

All subsystem uses the given resources to meet the given objective.

(a)  

It refers to the connection of each system or subsystem boundaries and serves as the connection to display the output from one (1) system to the input of another system

(a)  

-          This refers to the people, organizations, and other systems that give and receive data from the system.

(a)  

-          Every system always needs feedback to be able to do its job and to process accurately based on the requirements. Having an effective feedback and continuing to adjust the activities of the system assures the user that the system can achieve its goals.

(a)  

-          It refers to a set of interrelated components that collect any information or data, process, store, and display the output to support decision-making.

(a)  

This system is the most widely used information system. The function of this system is to record data which are collected at the boundaries of organizations. This system also records the transactions inside an organization.

(a)  

Supply chain refers to the sequence of activities. It includes marketing, manufacturing and assembly, packing and shipping, and billing and collection.

(a)  

This system manages the relationship of the organization to its customer.

Service representatives use this system to talk to their customers via phone.

(a)  

Most of the organizations use business intelligence systems to compete better with other organizations. This system accesses massive data, usually larger databases called data warehouses

(a)  

This system helps to find actions and answers most of the questions like "What if?"

(a)  

This system uses artificial intelligence to be able to preserve the knowledge of an expert and to solve problems.

(a)