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WorksheetsCHEM 465 Lipid Catabolism Part 1 17.1 & 17.2a
Total questions: 99
Worksheet time: 1hrs 25mins
What are some advantages of fats over polysaccharides?
Fats carry more energy per carbon
Fats carry less energy per carbon
Fats carry less water along
Fats carry more water along
(a) are for stort-term energy needs/
What is made up of a chylomicron?
Cholesterol
Triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters
Apolipoproteins
Glucose
Glycogen
The enzyme used to breakdown triglycerides
(a)
Triglycerides are broken down into by the enzyme
Enzyme: Lipase
Broken down into: Glycerol and Alkyl Chains
Enzyme: Triase
Broken down into: Ester and Fatty Acids
Enzyme: Lipase
Broken down into: Ester and Fatty Acids
Enzyme: Triase
Broken down into: Glycerol and Alkyl Chains
What type of reaction is the lipase reaction?
Hydrolysis
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Esterification
Condensation
What type of tissue is triacylglycerols stored in?
Adipose tissue
Skeletal tissue
Liver tissue
Stomach tissue
Reorder the following
Hormone binds to receptor and stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP
PKA is activated by phosphorylation to activate the hormone-sensitive lipase molecule to access the lipid droplet
Lipid droplet forms, hydrolyzing triacylglycerols to free fatty acids that leave the adipocyte and bind serum albumin in the blood
Once carried into the blood, they are released from the albumin and enter a myocyte from a specific fatty acid transporter.
The fatty acids are oxidized to CO2 and the energy of oxidation is conserved in ATP, which fuels muscle contraction and other energy-requiring metabolism in the myocyte
The molecules on the surface which phosphorylates with the hormone-sensitive lipase
(a)
What is the name of the molecule that fatty acids binds to in the blood?
(Hint: Think of egg whites)
(a)
The place where fatty acids are oxidized to CO2
After the fatty acids leave the blood
(a)
How are lipases regulated?
Hormones Glucagon and Epinephrine
Hormones sterols and cholesterol
Hormones Serotonin and Oxytocin
Hormones Melatonin and Melonin
The hormone definition meaning
"WE NEED ENERGY NOW"
(a)
The hormone definition meaning
"WE ARE OUT OF GLUCOSE"
(a)
When a glycerol molecyle has different fatty acids at C-1, C-2, and C-3, the molecule is said to be?
Chiral
Isometric
Electric
Asymetric
What enzyme activates glycerol at the expense of ATP?
Glycerol Kinase
Glycerol Lipase
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate Lipase
The enzyme used to active glycerol at the expense of ATP
(a)
Is glycerol activation with glycerol kinase an aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Glycerol (a) L-Glycerol 3-Phosphate (b) Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (c) D-Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
Glycerol Kinase Uses What?
ATP
NADH
Water
Carbon Dioxide
ATP (a) Fatty acyl-adenylate (b) Fatty Acyl-CoA
The type of molecule that attacks ATP from fatty acid using the enzyme fatty acyl-CoA synthetase
Carboxylate Ion
Bicarbonate Acid
Carbon dioxide
Coenzyme A
Thioester
The enzyme used to convert
Fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA
(a)
What attacks the Fatty acyl-adenylate to produce AMP?
The thiol group
Pyrophosphatase
Bicarbonate Acid
Carboxylate Ion
Where are fats degraded into fatty acids and glycerol?
(a)
(a) Fatty acids diffuse freely across mitochondrial membrane
Large fatty acids are transported by (a) transporter
A family of droplets that restrict access to lipid droplets.
They fold on when the hormone sensitive lipase is interacted with it.
(a)
Lipid oxidation
Fatty Acid (a) Pyrophosphate + Fatty acyl-adenylate
Complete the B-Oxidation Pathway
Palmioyl-CoA (a) trans-/\2-Enoyl-CoA (b) L-B-Hydroxy-Acyl-CoA (c) B-Ketoacyl-CoA (d) Acyl-CoA
Same gene but different forms of the enzyme.
(Coming from the same gene, giving multiple products)
(a)
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase has three different isozymes depending on
the chain length of the fatty acid
the location the fatty acid is
the placement of the double bond of the fatty acid
the activation level of the fatty acid
This acyl-coa dehydrogenase is embedded deep within the membrane
the very long-chain
the medium chain
the short chain
The short chain and the medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is located where?
(a)
The three enzymes for carnitine
Carnitine Acyl-Transferase I
Carnitine Acyl-Transferase II
Carnitine Cotransporter
Carnitine Itself
Coenzyme A Acyl-Transferase
A transesterification reaction that is in the outer mitochondrial membrane (The enzyme during the carnitine transportation)
(a)
An enzyme located on the inside inner face of the inner mitochondria membrane that regenerates fatty acyl-CoA and releases it.
(The enzyme during the carnitine transportation)
(a)
The entry of glycerol into the glycolytic pathway
Glycerol + ATP (a) L-Glycerol 3-Phosphate + ADP
The entry of glycerol into the glycolytic pathway
L-Glycerol 3-Phosphate + NAD+ (a) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + NADH
The entry of glycerol into the glycolytic pathway
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a) D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
The enzyme where glycerol is release by lipase action and is phosphorylated
(a)
What is true about Coenzyme A?
In the mitochondrial matrix
it is used in oxidative degradation of pyruvate, and other molecules
Both of these are correct
In the cytoplasm it is used in biosynthesis of fatty acids
Neither of these
What commits the oxidative fate of fatty acids?
Conversion to the carnitine ester
Being tagged with enzyme CoA
Perilipin being denaturated
Interaction with blood albumin
(a) is inhibited by (b)
How dietary triacylglycerols are emulsified in the small intestine
(a)
How many stages are there in complete fatty acid oxidation?
1
2
3
4
How many "successive" units are int he formation of acetyl-CoA?
1
2
3
4
β-oxidation begins at the (a) end of the fatty acyl-chain
How many passes through β-oxidation would palmitic acid (a 16-Carbon Long acyl chain) would go through?
7
8
1
12
The last two carbons of β-oxidation remains as what?
(a)
A simple case of β-oxidation would be with a/an (a) number of carbons
Reorder the following steps of β-oxidation
dehydrogenation by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Hydrolysis by enoyl-CoA hydratase
dehydrogenation by B-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Cleavage by Thiolase
Where does acyl-CoA dehydrogenase do its work on the acyl?
Between Carbon 2 and 3
Between Carbon 3 and 4
Between Carbon 1 and Carbon 2
Just on Carbon 4
As a rule of thumb...
When synthesizing fatty acids, trans is preferred
When breaking down fatty acids, trans is preferred
both of these
neither of these
All of the Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase have tightly bound what as their prosthetic group.
FAD
FADH2
NADH
NAD+
The place where acyl-CoA dehydrogenase donates its electrons to
(a)
Where do the electrons move from the ETF?
They help pump protons for ATP synthase
They go to their specific ubiquinone
They pump into the cytosol for the environment is more acidic
They oxidize NADH to continue on with oxidation of fatty acids
With the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a ___ is made?
Double bond
Ketone
Hydrogen
Phosphoryl Group
Match the following
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase
Succinate Dehydragenase
Enoyl-CoA Hydratase
Fumarase
β-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase
Malate Dehydrogenase
Thiolase
Not comparative in the TCA Cycle
Palmitoyl-CoA (a) trans-/\2-Enoyl-CoA (b) L-B-Hydroxyacyl-CoA (c) B-Ketoacyl-CoA (d)
Where is the enzyme Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase located?
the inner membrane of the mitochondria
The cytosol
Embedded in the mitochondria membrane
the mitochondria matrix
What functional group is introduced with the enzyme Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase?
Carboxylic Acid
Imine
Thiol
Schiff's Base
The electron acceptor of Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase
(a)
A stereospecific enzyme in the B-Oxidation of Fatty Acids that adds water to the double bond.
The second enzyme introduced in the B-Oxidation.
(a)
What is added to the enzyme Enoyl-CoA Hydratase?
Water
Biotin
ATP
CO2
The enzyme in the TCA cycle that is analogous to the enzyme Enoyl-CoA Hydratase
(a)
The enzyme during B-Oxidation of Fatty Acids where L-B-Hydroxyacyl-CoA is dehydrogenated to form B-ketoacyl-CoA
The third enzyme in the B-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
(a)
Is B-hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Stereospecific?
Yes
No
Sometimes
The Electron Acceptor of B-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase
(a)
Where does the NADH formed from B-hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase go to?
Complex I of the Respiratory Chain
Through the Fermentation Process
Complex 2 of the Respiratory Chain
They get pumped into the cytosol
B-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase is analogous to (a) in the TCA Cycle
The enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of Coenzyme A to B-ketoacyl-CoA to Acetyl-CoA.
The fourth reaction in the B-Oxidation
(a)
The reaction that Thiolase conducts
Thiolysis
Claisen Condensation
Hydrolysis
Dehydrogenation
What would directly inhibit Thiolase?
High concentrations of Acetyl-CoA
High concentrations of NAD+
Low concentrations of NADH
Low concentrations of Acetyl-CoA
What would directly inhibit B-hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase?
High concentrations of Acetyl-CoA
High concentrations of NAD+
Low concentrations of NAD+
Low concentrations of Acetyl-CoA
The last three enzymes of B-Oxidation of Fatty Acids depending on the chain length.
What is the minimum carbon length and what enzyme is used for them?
Minimum 12 C
The TFP
Minimum 14 C
The TFP
Minimum 12 C
The ETC
Minimum 14 C
The ETC
The Trifunctional Protein is a heterooctamer and consists of
a4B4
a2B6
a6B2
a1B7
In the TFP,
The α-subunit contains the activities of (a) (b)
While the β-subunits contains the activities of (c)
When the Carbon Chain has (a) the enzymes are (b) in the (c)
What functional group breaks the a-B bond?
A CO-Sulfur-CoA
A carboxylic acid
FADH2
NADH
Palmitoyl-CoA + (a) CoA + 7 O2 + (b) Pi&ADP → (c) Acetyl-CoA + (d) ATP + 7H20
The acetyl-CoA produced from the oxidation of fatty acids can be further oxidized to ___ by which process?
CO2 & H2O
TCA Cycle
NADH & ATP
B-Oxidation
CO2 & H2O
B-Oxidation
NADH & ATP
TCA Cycle
The Phosphate Bond in ATP results in about ___ Theoretical Maximum.
33%
40%
50%
100%
The Phosphate Bond in ATP in intercellular conditions recovery is about.
33%
40%
60%
100%
When the cis-bond occurs in B-Oxidation, these enzymes come and transform the cis bond into a trans bond.
/\3, /\2-enoyl-CoA-Isomerase
2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase
Enoyl-CoA isomerase
Thiolase
When two cis-bonds occur in B-Oxidation, these enzymes come and transform the cis bonds into a trans bonds.
/\3, /\2-enoyl-CoA-Isomerase
2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase
Enoyl-CoA isomerase
Thiolase
The enzyme that occurs when the B-oxidation reaches a Cis-bond.
(a)
The coenzyme for 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase
NADPH
NADH
FADH2
PLP
The auxiliary enzyme that uses NADPH as a cofactor and occurs
when there are two cis bonds
after /\3, /\2-enoyl-CoA Isomerase
(a)
The auxiliary enzyme that occurs when there are two cis bonds side by side
and after 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase
(a)
The auxiliary enzymes for odd number of carbons
Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase
Methyl-malonyl-CoA Epimerase
Methyl-Malonyl-CoA Mutase
Enoyl-CoA Isomerase
The coenzyme for Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase
Biotin
B12
PLP
NADH
The stereospecific enzyme of these auxiliary enzymes are
Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase
Methyl malonyl-CoA Epimerase
Methyl malonyl-CoA Mutase
/\3, /\2-enoyl-CoA isomerase
The auxiliary enzyme that first enters when B-Oxidation reaches an odd number of carbons
(a)
The second auxiliary second that comes after propionyl-CoA Carboxylase in the B-Oxidation of odd number of carbons
(a)
The coemzyme of methyl-malonyl-CoA mutase
B12
Biotin
Thiamine
PLP
The auxiliary enzyme that occurs in the B-Oxidation of odd number of carbons and comes after methyl-malonyl-CoA epimerase
(a)
Fatty Acyl-CoA formed in the cytosol has two major pathways to open to it
B oxidation by enzymes in mitochondria
conversion into triacylglycerols and phospholipids by enzymes in the cytosol
Activation of insulin to release lipids into the bloodstream
The acyl-CoA is activated by another phosphoyl group in order to conduct further oxidation
The fatty acyl groups are committed to oxidation once what happens?
They have entered into the mitochondria
A phosphorylation occurs
FADH reacts with the molecule
The fatty acyl groups are converted into trans isomers
