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WorksheetsTopic 5
Total questions: 52
Worksheet time: 26mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
Drivers for
invention
a)
A simple and cost-effective way to protect an innovative shape,
appearance or ornamentation.
b)
An agreement from a government office to give someone the right to make or sell a new invention for a certain number of years.
c)
A new idea is needed as a result of demand from the marketplace.
d)
These include personal motivation to express creativity/for personal
interest, scientific or technical curiosity, constructive discontent,
desire to make money, desire to help others.
2.
First to market
a)
The technology of the components stays the same, but the
configuration of the components is changed to produce a new
design.
b)
The process of discovering a principle. A technical advance in a
particular field often resulting in a novel product.
c)
The first product of its type to be released on the market.
d)
A product or type of technology that challenges existing companies
to ignore or embrace technical change
3.
Intellectual
Property (IP)
a)
A legal term for intangible property such as "creations of the mind"
such as inventions and designs that are used in a commercial
setting. Intellectual property is protected by law.
b)
The last to adopt an innovation. They tend to prefer traditions and
are unwilling to take risks.
c)
An idea from one context is used to stimulate ideas for solving a problem in another context.
d)
When determining the target market, market sectors and segments need to be identified.
4.
Service Mark (SM)
a)
A legal term for intangible property such as "creations of the mind"
such as inventions and designs that are used in a commercial
setting. Intellectual property is protected by law.
b)
A trademark used to identify a service rather than a product.
c)
An influential individual who can take an invention to market, often
by financing the development, production and diffusion of a
product into the marketplace.
d)
An appraisal of economic viability of the proposed design from a
market perspective, taking into account fixed and variable costs and
pricing. It is typically a summary about potential users and the
market.
5.
Shelved technology
a)
Any company or product that can fulfil similar functions for a similar
market.
b)
An appraisal of economic viability of the proposed design from a
market perspective, taking into account fixed and variable costs and
pricing. It is typically a summary about potential users and the
market.
c)
These include personal motivation to express creativity/for personal
interest, scientific or technical curiosity, constructive discontent,
desire to make money, desire to help others.
d)
Technology that is shelved for various reasons. Sometimes shelved
technologies will be rediscovered or taken off the shelf.
6.
Copyright ©
a)
An indication that an application for a patent has been applied for but has not yet been processed. The marking serves to notify those copying the invention that they may be liable for damages (including back-dated royalties), once a patent is issued.
b)
A process where a new idea or adoption of a product by the market
is actively slowed.
c)
A list of requirements, constraints and considerations that a yet-to-
be-designed product must fulfil.
d)
A legal right that grants the creator of an original work exclusive
ownership for its use and distribution. Usually for a limited time and
within geographical boundaries, copyright allows the creator to
receive compensation for their intellectual effort.
7.
Design protection
a)
A simple and cost-effective way to protect an innovative shape,
appearance or ornamentation.
b)
A product or type of technology that challenges existing companies
to ignore or embrace technical change
c)
These include personal motivation to express creativity/for personal
interest, scientific or technical curiosity, constructive discontent,
desire to make money, desire to help others.
d)
Technological advances that form the basis of new designs may be
applied to the development of different types of products/systems,
for example, laser technology.
8.
Patent
a)
An agreement from a government office to give someone the right to make or sell a new invention for a certain number of years.
b)
On occasion, the inventor is also the product champion and/or
entrepreneur. This requires specific skill sets and actions to fulfil
these roles and the reason inventors often take on multiple roles.
Effective design draws from multiple areas of expertise, and this can
be utilised at different stages of product development.
c)
A tool for mapping out the four stages of a product's commercial
life: Launch; Growth; Maturity; Decline.
d)
A product or type of technology that challenges existing companies
to ignore or embrace technical change
9.
Patent pending
a)
The wide acceptance (and sale) of a product.
b)
An indication that an application for a patent has been applied for but has not yet been processed. The marking serves to notify those copying the invention that they may be liable for damages (including back-dated royalties), once a patent is issued.
c)
The business of putting an invention in the marketplace and making
it a success.
d)
A high risk innovation strategy that introduces a new idea, system or
product that is very different from the existing paradigm.
10.
Lone inventor
a)
An individual working outside or inside an organization who is
committed to the invention of a novel product and often becomes
isolated because he or she is engrossed with ideas that imply
change and are resisted by others.
b)
An appraisal of economic viability of the proposed design from a
market perspective, taking into account fixed and variable costs and
pricing. It is typically a summary about potential users and the
market.
c)
A new or improved product that meets the needs of consumers and
sustains manufacturers
d)
A legal term for intangible property such as "creations of the mind"
such as inventions and designs that are used in a commercial
setting. Intellectual property is protected by law.
11.
Disruptive
innovation
a)
Fashions and trends change over time, which can result in a product
no longer being desirable. However, as evidenced by the concept of
retro styling and the cyclic nature of fashion, products can become
desirable again.
b)
A change is made in both technology and organization.
c)
A solution to a problem in one field is used to provide a new idea for a design problem in another.
d)
A product or type of technology that challenges existing companies
to ignore or embrace technical change
12.
Process innovation
a)
A legal right that grants the creator of an original work exclusive
ownership for its use and distribution. Usually for a limited time and
within geographical boundaries, copyright allows the creator to
receive compensation for their intellectual effort.
b)
An improvement in the organization and/or method of manufacture
that often leads to reduced costs or benefits to consumers.
c)
Consumerism is concerned with protecting customers from all
organisations where there is an exchange relationship. The roots of
consumerism can be traces through: disillusionment with the
system; the performance gap; the consumer information gap;
antagonism toward advertising; impersonal and unresponsive
marketing institutions; intrusions of privacy; declining living
standards; special problems of the disadvantaged; different views of
the marketplace.
d)
These include personal motivation to express creativity/for personal
interest, scientific or technical curiosity, constructive discontent,
desire to make money, desire to help others.
13.
Radical innovation
a)
A high risk innovation strategy that introduces a new idea, system or
product that is very different from the existing paradigm.
b)
The first individuals to adopt an innovation. They are willing to take
risks.
c)
Consumerism is concerned with protecting customers from all
organisations where there is an exchange relationship. The roots of
consumerism can be traces through: disillusionment with the
system; the performance gap; the consumer information gap;
antagonism toward advertising; impersonal and unresponsive
marketing institutions; intrusions of privacy; declining living
standards; special problems of the disadvantaged; different views of
the marketplace.
d)
A list of requirements, constraints and considerations that a yet-to-
be-designed product must fulfil.
14.
Sustaining
innovation
a)
A new or improved product that meets the needs of consumers and
sustains manufacturers
b)
On occasion, the inventor is also the product champion and/or
entrepreneur. This requires specific skill sets and actions to fulfil
these roles and the reason inventors often take on multiple roles.
Effective design draws from multiple areas of expertise, and this can
be utilised at different stages of product development.
c)
A product or type of technology that challenges existing companies
to ignore or embrace technical change
d)
An appraisal of economic viability of the proposed design from a
market perspective, taking into account fixed and variable costs and
pricing. It is typically a summary about potential users and the
market.
15.
Architectural
innovation
a)
A legal term for intangible property such as "creations of the mind"
such as inventions and designs that are used in a commercial
setting. Intellectual property is protected by law.
b)
Often referred to as the “eureka moment”, a sudden image of a
potential solution is formed in the mind, usually after a period of
thinking about a problem.
c)
The technology of the components stays the same, but the
configuration of the components is changed to produce a new
design.
d)
An improvement in the organization and/or method of manufacture
that often leads to reduced costs or benefits to consumers.
16.
Configurational
innovation
a)
A change is made in both technology and organization.
b)
The basic configuration stays the same, but one or more key
components are changed.
c)
A new idea is needed as a result of demand from the marketplace.
d)
A list of requirements, constraints and considerations that a yet-to-
be-designed product must fulfil.
17.
Modular innovation
a)
A legal right that grants the creator of an original work exclusive
ownership for its use and distribution. Usually for a limited time and
within geographical boundaries, copyright allows the creator to
receive compensation for their intellectual effort.
b)
The basic configuration stays the same, but one or more key
components are changed.
c)
An individual working outside or inside an organization who is
committed to the invention of a novel product and often becomes
isolated because he or she is engrossed with ideas that imply
change and are resisted by others.
d)
The first product of its type to be released on the market.
18.
Suppression
(Markets)
a)
A list of requirements, constraints and considerations that a yet-to-
be-designed product must fulfil.
b)
A change is made in both technology and organization.
c)
A legal right that grants the creator of an original work exclusive
ownership for its use and distribution. Usually for a limited time and
within geographical boundaries, copyright allows the creator to
receive compensation for their intellectual effort.
d)
A process where a new idea or adoption of a product by the market
is actively slowed.
19.
Innovation
a)
The business of putting an invention in the marketplace and making
it a success.
b)
Consumerism is concerned with protecting customers from all
organisations where there is an exchange relationship. The roots of
consumerism can be traces through: disillusionment with the
system; the performance gap; the consumer information gap;
antagonism toward advertising; impersonal and unresponsive
marketing institutions; intrusions of privacy; declining living
standards; special problems of the disadvantaged; different views of
the marketplace.
c)
Fashions and trends change over time, which can result in a product
no longer being desirable. However, as evidenced by the concept of
retro styling and the cyclic nature of fashion, products can become
desirable again.
d)
A change is made in both technology and organization.
20.
Innovators
a)
The basic configuration stays the same, but one or more key
components are changed.
b)
The first individuals to adopt an innovation. They are willing to take
risks.
c)
The third fastest group to adopt an innovation, tends to take more
time to consider adopting new innovations and is inclined to draw
from feedback from early adopters before taking the risk of
purchasing new products/systems.
d)
Scientific research leads to advances in technology that underpin
new ideas.
21.
Invention
a)
A list of requirements, constraints and considerations that a yet-to-
be-designed product must fulfil.
b)
The process of discovering a principle. A technical advance in a
particular field often resulting in a novel product.
c)
Fashions and trends change over time, which can result in a product
no longer being desirable. However, as evidenced by the concept of
retro styling and the cyclic nature of fashion, products can become
desirable again.
d)
The last to adopt an innovation. They tend to prefer traditions and
are unwilling to take risks.
22.
Act of insight
(innovation
strategies)
a)
An improvement in the organization and/or method of manufacture
that often leads to reduced costs or benefits to consumers.
b)
Consumerism is concerned with protecting customers from all
organisations where there is an exchange relationship. The roots of
consumerism can be traces through: disillusionment with the
system; the performance gap; the consumer information gap;
antagonism toward advertising; impersonal and unresponsive
marketing institutions; intrusions of privacy; declining living
standards; special problems of the disadvantaged; different views of
the marketplace.
c)
A process where a new idea or adoption of a product by the market
is actively slowed.
d)
Often referred to as the “eureka moment”, a sudden image of a
potential solution is formed in the mind, usually after a period of
thinking about a problem.
23.
Adaptation (innovation strategies)
a)
Consumerism is concerned with protecting customers from all
organisations where there is an exchange relationship. The roots of
consumerism can be traces through: disillusionment with the
system; the performance gap; the consumer information gap;
antagonism toward advertising; impersonal and unresponsive
marketing institutions; intrusions of privacy; declining living
standards; special problems of the disadvantaged; different views of
the marketplace.
b)
A solution to a problem in one field is used to provide a new idea for a design problem in another.
c)
A tool for mapping out the four stages of a product's commercial
life: Launch; Growth; Maturity; Decline.
d)
A legal right that grants the creator of an original work exclusive
ownership for its use and distribution. Usually for a limited time and
within geographical boundaries, copyright allows the creator to
receive compensation for their intellectual effort.
24.
Analogy (innovation strategies)
a)
A simple and cost-effective way to protect an innovative shape,
appearance or ornamentation.
b)
When determining the target market, market sectors and segments need to be identified.
c)
An idea from one context is used to stimulate ideas for solving a problem in another context.
d)
A solution to a problem in one field is used to provide a new idea for a design problem in another.
25.
Chance (innovation strategies)
a)
An unexpected discovery leads to a new idea.
b)
These include personal motivation to express creativity/for personal
interest, scientific or technical curiosity, constructive discontent,
desire to make money, desire to help others.
c)
The first individuals to adopt an innovation. They are willing to take
risks.
d)
The fourth fastest group to adopt an innovation. They do so after it
has been established in the marketplace and are seldom willing to
take risks with new innovation.
26.
Market pull
(innovation
strategies)
a)
These include personal motivation to express creativity/for personal
interest, scientific or technical curiosity, constructive discontent,
desire to make money, desire to help others.
b)
The fourth fastest group to adopt an innovation. They do so after it
has been established in the marketplace and are seldom willing to
take risks with new innovation.
c)
A trademark used to identify a service rather than a product.
d)
A new idea is needed as a result of demand from the marketplace.
27.
Technology push
(innovation
strategies)
a)
A solution to a problem in one field is used to provide a new idea for a design problem in another.
b)
Scientific research leads to advances in technology that underpin
new ideas.
c)
The process of discovering a principle. A technical advance in a
particular field often resulting in a novel product.
d)
On occasion, the inventor is also the product champion and/or
entrepreneur. This requires specific skill sets and actions to fulfil
these roles and the reason inventors often take on multiple roles.
Effective design draws from multiple areas of expertise, and this can
be utilised at different stages of product development.
28.
Technology transfer
(innovation
strategies)
a)
Technological advances that form the basis of new designs may be
applied to the development of different types of products/systems,
for example, laser technology.
b)
A new idea is needed as a result of demand from the marketplace.
c)
An improvement in the organization and/or method of manufacture
that often leads to reduced costs or benefits to consumers.
d)
The essential requirements that a product must satisfy in relation to
the user.
29.
Product champion
a)
An influential individual, usually working within an organization,
who develops an enthusiasm for a particular idea or invention and
“champions” it within that organization.
b)
The second fastest category to adopt an innovation.
c)
A solution to a problem in one field is used to provide a new idea for a design problem in another.
d)
The first individuals to adopt an innovation. They are willing to take
risks.
30.
Entrepreneur
a)
On occasion, the inventor is also the product champion and/or
entrepreneur. This requires specific skill sets and actions to fulfil
these roles and the reason inventors often take on multiple roles.
Effective design draws from multiple areas of expertise, and this can
be utilised at different stages of product development.
b)
The wide acceptance (and sale) of a product.
c)
A thorough analysis of competing designs is required to establish
the market need. Methods include user research, user trial, literature
search, expert appraisal, performance test.
d)
An influential individual who can take an invention to market, often
by financing the development, production and diffusion of a
product into the marketplace.
31.
Multi-disciplinary
approach
a)
A simple and cost-effective way to protect an innovative shape,
appearance or ornamentation.
b)
When a new technology supersedes an existing technology, the
existing technology quickly falls out of use and is no longer
incorporated into new products. Consumers instead opt for the
newer, more efficient technology in their products.
c)
A trademark used to identify a service rather than a product.
d)
On occasion, the inventor is also the product champion and/or
entrepreneur. This requires specific skill sets and actions to fulfil
these roles and the reason inventors often take on multiple roles.
Effective design draws from multiple areas of expertise, and this can
be utilised at different stages of product development.
32.
Product life cycle
a)
An indication that an application for a patent has been applied for but has not yet been processed. The marking serves to notify those copying the invention that they may be liable for damages (including back-dated royalties), once a patent is issued.
b)
The fourth fastest group to adopt an innovation. They do so after it
has been established in the marketplace and are seldom willing to
take risks with new innovation.
c)
An agreement from a government office to give someone the right to make or sell a new invention for a certain number of years.
d)
A tool for mapping out the four stages of a product's commercial
life: Launch; Growth; Maturity; Decline.
33.
Functional
obsolescence
a)
When a new technology supersedes an existing technology, the
existing technology quickly falls out of use and is no longer
incorporated into new products. Consumers instead opt for the
newer, more efficient technology in their products.
b)
Over time, products wear out and break down. If parts are no longer
available, the product can no longer work in the way it originally did.
Also, if a service vital to its functioning is no longer available, it can
become obsolete.
c)
A new or improved product that meets the needs of consumers and
sustains manufacturers
d)
Five characteristics identified by Rogers that impact on consumer
adoption of an innovation: Relative advantage; Compatibility;
Complexity; Observability; Trial-ability.
34.
Planned
obsolescence
a)
A product becomes outdated as a conscious act either to ensure a
continuing market or to ensure that safety factors and new
technologies can be incorporated into later versions of the product.
b)
The first product of its type to be released on the market.
c)
Fashions and trends change over time, which can result in a product
no longer being desirable. However, as evidenced by the concept of
retro styling and the cyclic nature of fashion, products can become
desirable again.
d)
On occasion, the inventor is also the product champion and/or
entrepreneur. This requires specific skill sets and actions to fulfil
these roles and the reason inventors often take on multiple roles.
Effective design draws from multiple areas of expertise, and this can
be utilised at different stages of product development.
35.
Style (fashion)
obsolescence
a)
Fashions and trends change over time, which can result in a product
no longer being desirable. However, as evidenced by the concept of
retro styling and the cyclic nature of fashion, products can become
desirable again.
b)
Over time, products wear out and break down. If parts are no longer
available, the product can no longer work in the way it originally did.
Also, if a service vital to its functioning is no longer available, it can
become obsolete.
c)
The first individuals to adopt an innovation. They are willing to take
risks.
d)
When a new technology supersedes an existing technology, the
existing technology quickly falls out of use and is no longer
incorporated into new products. Consumers instead opt for the
newer, more efficient technology in their products.
36.
Technological
obsolescence
a)
When a new technology supersedes an existing technology, the
existing technology quickly falls out of use and is no longer
incorporated into new products. Consumers instead opt for the
newer, more efficient technology in their products.
b)
An appraisal of economic viability of the proposed design from a
market perspective, taking into account fixed and variable costs and
pricing. It is typically a summary about potential users and the
market.
c)
An unexpected discovery leads to a new idea.
d)
A business practice in which a company produces different models
of the same product, and then charges different prices for each
model.
37.
Product
generations
a)
A business practice in which a company releases a new group of
products that have advanced features compared to an earlier group.
b)
Technological advances that form the basis of new designs may be
applied to the development of different types of products/systems,
for example, laser technology.
c)
A legal right that grants the creator of an original work exclusive
ownership for its use and distribution. Usually for a limited time and
within geographical boundaries, copyright allows the creator to
receive compensation for their intellectual effort.
d)
A new idea is needed as a result of demand from the marketplace.
38.
Product versioning
a)
A business practice in which a company produces different models
of the same product, and then charges different prices for each
model.
b)
The first product of its type to be released on the market.
c)
Over time, products wear out and break down. If parts are no longer
available, the product can no longer work in the way it originally did.
Also, if a service vital to its functioning is no longer available, it can
become obsolete.
d)
When a new technology supersedes an existing technology, the
existing technology quickly falls out of use and is no longer
incorporated into new products. Consumers instead opt for the
newer, more efficient technology in their products.
39.
Early adopters
a)
An influential individual who can take an invention to market, often
by financing the development, production and diffusion of a
product into the marketplace.
b)
Over time, products wear out and break down. If parts are no longer
available, the product can no longer work in the way it originally did.
Also, if a service vital to its functioning is no longer available, it can
become obsolete.
c)
The second fastest category to adopt an innovation.
d)
An indication that an application for a patent has been applied for but has not yet been processed. The marking serves to notify those copying the invention that they may be liable for damages (including back-dated royalties), once a patent is issued.
40.
Early majority
a)
A legal right that grants the creator of an original work exclusive
ownership for its use and distribution. Usually for a limited time and
within geographical boundaries, copyright allows the creator to
receive compensation for their intellectual effort.
b)
Scientific research leads to advances in technology that underpin
new ideas.
c)
The third fastest group to adopt an innovation, tends to take more
time to consider adopting new innovations and is inclined to draw
from feedback from early adopters before taking the risk of
purchasing new products/systems.
d)
Any company or product that can fulfil similar functions for a similar
market.
41.
Laggards
a)
The last to adopt an innovation. They tend to prefer traditions and
are unwilling to take risks.
b)
When a new technology supersedes an existing technology, the
existing technology quickly falls out of use and is no longer
incorporated into new products. Consumers instead opt for the
newer, more efficient technology in their products.
c)
An idea from one context is used to stimulate ideas for solving a problem in another context.
d)
A process where a new idea or adoption of a product by the market
is actively slowed.
42.
Late majority
a)
An appraisal of economic viability of the proposed design from a
market perspective, taking into account fixed and variable costs and
pricing. It is typically a summary about potential users and the
market.
b)
The basic configuration stays the same, but one or more key
components are changed.
c)
The fourth fastest group to adopt an innovation. They do so after it
has been established in the marketplace and are seldom willing to
take risks with new innovation.
d)
A legal term for intangible property such as "creations of the mind"
such as inventions and designs that are used in a commercial
setting. Intellectual property is protected by law.
43.
Diffusion (Markets)
a)
The wide acceptance (and sale) of a product.
b)
Scientific research leads to advances in technology that underpin
new ideas.
c)
The essential requirements that a product must satisfy in relation to
the user.
d)
These include personal motivation to express creativity/for personal
interest, scientific or technical curiosity, constructive discontent,
desire to make money, desire to help others.
44.
Social roots of
consumerism
a)
The last to adopt an innovation. They tend to prefer traditions and
are unwilling to take risks.
b)
A product or type of technology that challenges existing companies
to ignore or embrace technical change
c)
Consumerism is concerned with protecting customers from all
organisations where there is an exchange relationship. The roots of
consumerism can be traces through: disillusionment with the
system; the performance gap; the consumer information gap;
antagonism toward advertising; impersonal and unresponsive
marketing institutions; intrusions of privacy; declining living
standards; special problems of the disadvantaged; different views of
the marketplace.
d)
An agreement from a government office to give someone the right to make or sell a new invention for a certain number of years.
45.
Rogers’
characteristics of
innovation and
consumers
a)
Technological advances that form the basis of new designs may be
applied to the development of different types of products/systems,
for example, laser technology.
b)
Five characteristics identified by Rogers that impact on consumer
adoption of an innovation: Relative advantage; Compatibility;
Complexity; Observability; Trial-ability.
c)
An individual working outside or inside an organization who is
committed to the invention of a novel product and often becomes
isolated because he or she is engrossed with ideas that imply
change and are resisted by others.
d)
The basic configuration stays the same, but one or more key
components are changed.
46.
Competition
a)
A legal term for intangible property such as "creations of the mind"
such as inventions and designs that are used in a commercial
setting. Intellectual property is protected by law.
b)
Any company or product that can fulfil similar functions for a similar
market.
c)
A process where a new idea or adoption of a product by the market
is actively slowed.
d)
The first product of its type to be released on the market.
47.
Target market
a)
An appraisal of economic viability of the proposed design from a
market perspective, taking into account fixed and variable costs and
pricing. It is typically a summary about potential users and the
market.
b)
On occasion, the inventor is also the product champion and/or
entrepreneur. This requires specific skill sets and actions to fulfil
these roles and the reason inventors often take on multiple roles.
Effective design draws from multiple areas of expertise, and this can
be utilised at different stages of product development.
c)
When determining the target market, market sectors and segments need to be identified.
d)
Technological advances that form the basis of new designs may be
applied to the development of different types of products/systems,
for example, laser technology.
48.
Design specification
a)
Scientific research leads to advances in technology that underpin
new ideas.
b)
These include personal motivation to express creativity/for personal
interest, scientific or technical curiosity, constructive discontent,
desire to make money, desire to help others.
c)
The first individuals to adopt an innovation. They are willing to take
risks.
d)
A list of requirements, constraints and considerations that a yet-to-
be-designed product must fulfil.
49.
Target audience
a)
An indication that an application for a patent has been applied for but has not yet been processed. The marking serves to notify those copying the invention that they may be liable for damages (including back-dated royalties), once a patent is issued.
b)
An agreement from a government office to give someone the right to make or sell a new invention for a certain number of years.
c)
A specific group of people within the target market at which a
product or the marketing message of a product is aimed at.
d)
Technological advances that form the basis of new designs may be
applied to the development of different types of products/systems,
for example, laser technology.
50.
Market analysis
a)
An improvement in the organization and/or method of manufacture
that often leads to reduced costs or benefits to consumers.
b)
A trademark used to identify a service rather than a product.
c)
An appraisal of economic viability of the proposed design from a
market perspective, taking into account fixed and variable costs and
pricing. It is typically a summary about potential users and the
market.
d)
A new idea is needed as a result of demand from the marketplace.
51.
research methods
a)
A business practice in which a company produces different models
of the same product, and then charges different prices for each
model.
b)
A thorough analysis of competing designs is required to establish
the market need. Methods include user research, user trial, literature
search, expert appraisal, performance test.
c)
A solution to a problem in one field is used to provide a new idea for a design problem in another.
d)
The first individuals to adopt an innovation. They are willing to take
risks.
52.
User need
a)
Any company or product that can fulfil similar functions for a similar
market.
b)
The essential requirements that a product must satisfy in relation to
the user.
c)
A product becomes outdated as a conscious act either to ensure a
continuing market or to ensure that safety factors and new
technologies can be incorporated into later versions of the product.
d)
Scientific research leads to advances in technology that underpin
new ideas.
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