Definition: Vectors which allow for larger fragments of foreign DNA to be inserted.

Definition: Series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Enzyme which seals the DNA backbone.

When the expression of an enzyme has been initiated.

Living cells.

An organism whose internal environment is dependent upon the external environment. These organisms have low metabolic costs and occupy a narrow range of ecological niches.

Circulatory system of fish that has one atrium and one ventricle.

Enzymes which remove hydrogen ions and electrons from molecules.

Site of the Citric Acid Cycle.

Stage of glycolysis where ATP are used to phosphorylate intermediate molecules.

Respiration in the absence of oxygen. Occurs in the cytoplasm.

Period of reduced activity in some animals which have high metabolic rates.

Conversion of pyruvate to lactate in animal cells.

Process used by regulators to maintain a constant internal temperature.

Channels which allow diffusion of specific substances across the membrane.

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm.

Behaviour which is inherited and so determined by an animal's genes.

Circulatory system of amphibians and most reptiles that has two atria and one ventricle.

Molecule which binds at the active site and prevents the substrate from binding.

Tissues which bring about corrective responses.

Methods used to create transformed host cells containing DNA from another organism.

Organism whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

Definition: Conditions where oxygen is present.

Definition: Dormancy which occurs before the onset of adverse conditions.

Definition: Blood containing oxygen.

Definition: Phase of rapid growth due to plentiful nutrients.

Definition: Region of enzyme where substrate binds.

Definition: Series of integrated enzyme reactions within a cell

Definition: Dormancy which occurs after the onset of adverse conditions.

Definition: Energy required to initially break the bonds in reactants to form an unstable compound.

Use of UV light, radiation or mutagenic chemicals to produce mutations in wild strains of microorganisms.

Plasmid containing DNA from foreign source.

Region of DNA which allows self-replication of the vector.

Region of DNA which controls gene expression.

Concentration of the end product inhibits an earlier enzyme in the pathway, preventing more end product from being produced.

Respiration in the presence of oxygen.

After the substrate binds, the shape of the enzyme's active site changes to better fit the substrate.

System made of, receptors, messages and effectors. Used by regulators to achieve homeostasis.

Stage of aerobic respiration involving a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that generate of ATP and release carbon dioxide.

An organism that can maintain their internal environment regardless of external environment. These organisms have high metabolic costs and occupy an increased range of ecological niches.

Definition: Behaviour which is gained or changes through experience.

Definition: Dormancy which allows survival in periods of high temperature or drought.

Definition: Process that results in the multiplying of micro-organisms under laboratory conditions.

Definition: The increase in diameter of blood vessel in the skin to increase blood flow and increase heat loss by radiation.

Definition: Phase caused by the lack of nutrients in the culture or a build-up of toxic metabolites.

Definition: Actions taken by effectors to return the internal environment to the homeostatic set point.

Definition: Enzymes which cut DNA leaving sticky ends.

Definition: Laboratory conditions and practices which prevent contamination of the culture.

Environment which vary beyond the tolerable limits for normal metabolic activity.

Reactions that break down large molecules into smaller ones. These reactions release energy.

Carrier molecules which transfer specific ions across the membrane.

Addition of Pi to a molecule.

Definition: Measure of the strength of intermolecular forces between an enzyme and its substrate and product.

Definition: Region of the brain which is the body's temperature monitoring centre.

Definition: Reactions that build up large molecules from small molecules. These reactions require energy.

Definition: Part of organism's life cycle that allows survival during period when costs of continued normal metabolic activity would be too high.

Definition: DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic information into another cell.

Definition: The decrease in diameter of blood vessel in the skin to decrease blood flow and decrease heat loss by radiation.

Stage of glycolysis which results in a net gain of ATP.

Regulation of the internal environment, irrespective of external environment, to create the optimum conditions for biological function.

Techniques used to study long distance migration. These include tracking and leg rings.

Conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide in plant and yeast cells.

Form of NAD when hydrogen ions and electrons are attached to it.

Enzyme which generates ATP from ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate).

Dormancy used by some mammals to survive low temperatures.

Blood lacking oxygen.

Definition: Used to produce properly folded polypeptides.

Definition: Method of avoiding adverse conditions which involves expending energy to relocate to a more suitable environment.

Definition: Metabolites which are not essential for growth but give the microorganism an ecological advantage in the wild. Antibiotics are secondary metabolites which allow the microorganism to outcompete other microorganisms.

Definition: Responses made by conformers that allow them to tolerate variation in their external environment to maintain optimum metabolic rate.

Definition: Molecule which bind to the enzyme elsewhere than the active site but cause the shape of the active site to change, preventing the substrate from binding.

Definition: The heart and associated blood vessels.

Definition: A measurement of metabolic reactions over time.

Definition: Co-enzyme which accepts hydrogen ions and electrons.

Definition: Genes present in the vector which allow identification of the microorganisms which have taken up the vector.

Definition: Phase where enzymes are induced to metabolise substrates.

Circulatory system of birds and mammals that has two atria and two ventricles.

Regions of DNA which contain target sequences where restriction endonucleases cut.

Upper chamber of the heart that receive blood from an organism's body.

Solid or liquid that provides the surface for microorganism to grow. Contains the substances required for growth.

Definition: Phase caused by depleting of nutrients and a build-up of toxic metabolites in culture.

Definition: Class of prokaryotes with no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles.