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WorksheetsChapter 6 Psychology
Total questions: 68
Worksheet time: 38mins
What is sensation?
Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environemt
What is perception?
Perception is the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information,
Perception enables us to recognize objects and events as meaningful.
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
sensory receptors
sensory receivers
sensory transmitters
sensory detectors
Information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information
what type of processing allows your sensory systems to detect the lines, angles, and colors that form images?
Bottom-up processing
Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
The conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of physical energy, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret
(a)
What is the rough distinction between sensation and perception?
Sensation is the bottom-up process by which your sensory receptors and your nervous system receive and represent stimuli. Perception is the top-down process by which you brain creates meaning by organizing and interpreting what your senses detect
The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background simulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
What does subliminal mean?
Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience this threshold as "just noticeable difference"
Difference threshold
The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
What is sensory adaptation?
Sensory adaptation is the diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Why is that after wearing shoes for a while, you cease to notice them?
Sensory adaptation; the shoes provide constant stimulation
Psychological denial; the shoes provide constant stimulation
Sensory overload; the shoes provide constant stimulation
Habituation; the shoes provide constant stimulation
What is a perceptual set?
A perceptual set is a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
It is a set of mental tendencies that affects, top-down, what we hear, taste, feel, and see
Our perceptual set influences what we perceive. This mental tendency effects our .....
priming ability
sensory adaptation
experiences, assumptions, and expectations
difference thresholds
Light enters the eye through the _____, which bends light to provide focus. The light then passes through the ______, a small adjustable opening. Surrounding the pupil and controlling its size is the ______, a colored muscle that dilates or constricts in response to light intensity.
The light sensitive back inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
To focus the rays, the lens changes its curvature and thickness in a process called ______
accommodation
Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement. They are necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
Retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in the daylight or in well-lit conditions. These detect the fine detail and give rise to color sensations
(a)
What is a blind spot
A blind spot is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
The theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
What are nerve cells in the brains visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
What is parallel processing?
Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
What is a gestalt?
A gestalt is an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
The organization of the visual field into the objects (the figures) that stand from their surroundings (the ground)
The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
(a)
What is depth perception?
Depth perception is the ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge the distance
What is a visual cliff?
A visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
A depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
Binocular cues
A binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance-- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object
A depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone
how do we normally perceive depth?
Monocular cues; which include relative height, relative size, relative motion, linear perspective, and interposition
Binocular cues; such as retinal disparity
An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in a quick sucession
phi phenomenon
Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change
Perceptual constancy
The ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
Perceptual adaptation
What is "audition"?
The sense or act of hearing
What is a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given (for example, per second)
Long waves have ____ frequency; short waves have _____ frequency
The chamber between the ear drum and the cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrums on the cochlea's oval window
A coiled bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
The inner most part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
The most common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve; also called nerve deafness
A less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Conduction hearing loss
What is the "place theory" in hearing
The place theory in hearing links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
Which theory or pitch perception would best explain a symphony audience's enjoyment of a high pitched piccolo? How about a low pitched cello?
What is the gate-control theory?
The gate-control theory explains that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or y information coming from the brain
A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
What is the social influence theory?
The social influence theory contends that hypnosis is a by product of normal social and mental processes
What is the dissociation theory?
The dissociation theory proposes that hypnosis is a special dual-processing state of dissociation- a split between different levels of consciousness
A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Post-hypnotic command
our sense of taste
(a)
our sense of smell
(a)
our movement sense- our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
our balance sense--our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
Endocrine sense
Vestibular sense
Olfactory sense
Auditory sense
Where are the kinesthetic receptors and the vestibular sense receptors located?
Kinesthetic: Muscles, tendons, joints
Vestibular: inner ear
the principle that one sense can influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
Sensory interaction
What is embodied cognition?
Embodied cognition is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
What is extrasensory perception (ESP)
Extrasensory perception (ESP) is the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis (also called telekinesis)
sensory receptors that are found mostly in the skin that detect painful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals are called _______
