The ball is red.

Mary is beautiful.

She feels happy

A girl drew a picture

John feels happy

Did you hear the noise ?

Jack is thinking about the problem.

The woman cut the cake with a knife.

Lexical Relations

The carrot is the ____ of the vegetable

Bare and Bear are same as pronunction but diffrent in meaning so they are _____

When one form has two seperate meanings

Head of company

Heaf of person

Water runs

People runs

The White House has announced…; filling up the car, answering the door, boiling a kettle, giving someone

a hand, or needing some wheels etc.

Ad Aktarması

We know which words tend to occur with other words.

Example: hammer – nail,

table – chair,

butter – bread,

needle – thread

The idea of “the characteristic instance” of a category is known as the ____

Kuş dendiğinde aklınızda canlanan ilk canlı

Pragmatics - Speech Acts

_____are when someone says they will do something in the future. It's like making a promise or committing to doing something later on.

Examples are: promise, guarantee, refusal, threat, offer,

volunteer etc.

Pragmatics - Speech Acts

________, also known as assertives, are when someone says something to assert that something is true or false. The speaker commits to the truth of what they are saying, and their statements can be judged as either true or false. It's about stating facts or making claims about the way things are.

Some of the examples of the representative illocutionary acts are:

suggest, put forward, boast, complain, conclude and deduce.

Pragmatics - Speech Acts

______, are when someone expresses their psychological state about a particular situation or event. The focus is on conveying emotions, feelings, attitudes, or opinions rather than attempting to change the world or the listener's actions. In expressives, the truth of what is expressed is assumed or taken for granted; the speaker is not trying to make the world match their words or vice versa. Instead, they are simply expressing their inner feelings or attitudes towards a certain state of affairs.

thank, apologize, congratulate, condole,

deplore and welcome.

Pragmatics - Speech Acts

_____are when someone tries to get another person to do something. The speaker is attempting to influence the listener to take a specific action. It could involve making requests, commands, suggestions, or any other form of prompting. The main aim is to get the listener to act in a certain way.

Some of the examples of the representative illocutionary acts are:

suggest, put forward, boast, complain, conclude and deduce.

Pragmatics - Speech Acts

_____ are a special type of speech act where the mere utterance of certain words brings about a new state of affairs or changes the world in some way. Unlike other types of speech acts, the success of a declaration depends on the words being uttered. When a declaration is successfully performed, it ensures that what is stated in the proposition becomes true or is brought into existence. This means that the act of declaring something itself makes it so.

if I successfully perform the act of appointing you a chairman, then you are

chairman;

if I successfully perform the act f nominating you as candidate, then you are

a candidate;

if I successfully perform the act of declaring a state of war, then the war is

on;

if I successfully perform the act of marrying you, then you are married”.

A man in Tbilisi Example.

Cümle kurarken kullandığımız bir kelime ile bağlantılı yeni kelimeler kullanırız

Lucy went to cinema. She was happy

mesala buradaki she'nin lucy olduğunu anlamamız gibi

There is some words in english which hasn't any meaning if you don't use them in a context like think

They

"They" düşüdüğünüzde bir boşluk canlanıyor kafanızda çünkü bir context içinde kullanılmadığında bir anlamı yok

Ama bir context içinde kullanalım mesala They, durakta bekleyen arkadaşlarınız olsun artık They bir şeylerin yerini tutuyor ve bir anlam kazandı işte buna _____ deniyr

When we use a referring expression like this, he or Shakespeare, we usually assume that our listeners can recognize which referent is intended. In a more general way, we design our linguistic messages on the basis of large-scale assumptions about what our listeners already know. Some of these assumptions may be mistaken, of course, but mostly they’re appropriate. What a speaker (or writer) assumes is true or known by a listener (or reader) can be described as a ______.