Beginning in the 1950s, Navajo Nation legislator Annie Dodge Wauneka continuously worked to promote public health; this _______ effort involved traveling throughout the vast Navajo homeland and writing a medical dictionary for speakers of Diné bizaad, the Navajo language. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Following the principles of community-based participatory research, tribal nations and research institutions are equal partners in health studies conducted on reservations. A collaboration between the Crow Tribe and Montana State University _______ this model: tribal citizens worked alongside scientists to design the methodology and continue to assist in data collection. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Occupying a significant part of modern-day Nigeria, the Kingdom of Benin was one of the major powers in West Africa between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries. It ______ ruled by Oba Ewuare I from 1440 to 1473. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The following text is adapted from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1837 story “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment.” The main character, a physician, is experimenting with rehydrating a dried flower. At first [the rose] lay lightly on the surface of the fluid, appearing to imbibe none of its moisture. Soon, however, a singular change began to be visible. The crushed and dried petals stirred and assumed a deepening tinge of crimson, as if the flower were reviving from a deathlike slumber. As used in the text, what does the phrase “a singular” most nearly mean?

Astronomers investigated the Arabia Terra region of Mars because it appears to contain irregularly shaped craters that may have been caused by massive volcanic explosions. In their investigations of Arabia Terra, the researchers found remnants of ash deposits in an amount and thickness that would result from a massive volcanic eruption. However, erosion and past resurfacing events could have modified the surface of the planet. Therefore, ______. Which choice most logically completes the text?

The speakers of what has come to be known as (1) Appalachian English has used a form of English that few can explain. Many scholars believe Appalachian pronunciation comes from Scots-Irish immigration, but (2) some theorizes that this dialect of English may be closer to what Londoners spoke in Elizabethan times. Trying to understand these changes (3) demonstrates that although we all technically speak English, we speak very different languages indeed.

For the underlined text which option best represents correct grammatical use?

The speakers of what has come to be known as (1) Appalachian English has used a form of English that few can explain. Many scholars believe Appalachian pronunciation comes from Scots-Irish immigration, but (2) some theorizes that this dialect of English may be closer to what Londoners spoke in Elizabethan times. Trying to understand these changes (3) demonstrates that although we all technically speak English, we speak very different languages indeed.

For the underlined text which option best represents correct grammatical use?

The speakers of what has come to be known as (1) Appalachian English has used a form of English that few can explain. Many scholars believe Appalachian pronunciation comes from Scots-Irish immigration, but (2) some theorizes that this dialect of English may be closer to what Londoners spoke in Elizabethan times. Trying to understand these changes (3) demonstrates that although we all technically speak English, we speak very different languages indeed.

For the underlined text which option best represents correct grammatical use?

When writing The Other Black Girl (2021), novelist Zakiya Dalila Harris drew on her own experiences working at a publishing office. The award-winning book is Harris’s first novel, but her writing _______ honored before. At the age of twelve, she entered a contest to have a story published in American Girl magazine—and won.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms

to the conventions of Standard English?

The Alvarez theory, developed in 1980 by physicist Luis Walter Alvarez and his geologist son Walter Alvarez, maintained that the secondary effects of an asteroid impact caused many dinosaurs and other animals to die _______ it left unexplored the question of whether unrelated volcanic activity might have also contributed to the mass extinctions.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms

to the conventions of Standard English?

In recent years, many parents have expressed concern that the atmosphere of violence propagated by the American entertainment industry may be having a harmful effect on their children. Certainly these parents are correct that (1) violent acts such as murder, have become the pervasive theme of everything from feature films to television cartoons. But is this kind of depravity altogether new to the world of the (2) child. Haven’t parents for centuries been exposing their children to fairy tales that are at least as gory and violent?

Which choice completes the bolded text so that it conforms

to the conventions of Standard English?

The migratory behavior of certain bird species enhances its survival during harsh weather conditions. Ornithologist Dr. Sarah Johnson and her team found in their 2021 study that these birds accomplish this ____ by sensing changes in the Earth’s magnetic field. This enables them to navigate long distances and find suitable habitats with abundant food sources.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

In a small, quaint town, the summer festival brought joy and laughter to the streets. Families and friends gathered together for fun-filled activities, like face-painting and balloon-animal making. The locals – ever-friendly and welcoming – organized a community potluck, where everyone shared their delicious, home-cooked dishes. The festival-goers couldn’t help but feel a sense of togetherness and camaraderie as they danced and sang under the star-lit sky. It was a truly unforgettable night, and the memories created ____________ would linger for years to come.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In the heart of a dense and ancient forest, a symphony of life unfolds with each passing day. Towering trees stretch their limbs toward the heavens, their leaves whispering tales of forgotten ages. Among the emerald foliage, an array of vibrant creatures dance through the undergrowth, each playing a role in the intricate web of life that thrives in this natural sanctuary. The forest floor teems with life, bustling with insects of all sizes scurrying about their daily tasks. From the tiniest ants to the majestic beetles, they toil tirelessly, their endeavors essential to the forest’s delicate balance. These miniature architects shape the soil, aerating it and recycling organic matter, while also ___________.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Research conducted by psychologist Dr. Emily Martinez explores the intriguing link between weather patterns and decision-making in the workplace. In her study, she analyzed data from various industries over a five-year period, investigating how different weather conditions influenced managers’ financial decisions. Dr. Martinez discovered a fascinating correlation between rainy weather and risk aversion. When managers were exposed to prolonged periods of rain during the weeks leading up to important financial decisions, they tended to adopt a more cautious approach. This was evident in their conservative earnings forecasts and business strategies, reflecting a tendency to play it safe during uncertain times.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

In a 2016 study, Eastern Washington University psychologist Amani El-Alayli found that, among the study participants who experienced frisson (a physiological response akin to goosebumps or getting the chills) while listening to music, there was one personality trait that they scored particularly ______blank openness to experience.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In discussing Mary Shelley’s 1818 epistolary novel Frankenstein, literary theorist Gayatri Spivak directs the reader’s attention to the character of Margaret Saville. As Spivak points out, Saville is not the protagonist of Shelley’s ______ as the recipient of the letters that frame the book’s narrative, she’s the “occasion” of it.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Before California’s 1911 election to approve a proposition granting women the right to vote, activists across the state sold tea to promote the cause of suffrage. In San Francisco, the Woman’s Suffrage Party sold Equality Tea at local fairs. _______ in Los Angeles, activist Nancy Tuttle Craig, who ran one of California’s largest grocery store firms, distributed Votes for Women Tea.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Despite being cheap, versatile, and easy to produce, _______ they are made from nonrenewable

petroleum, and most do not biodegrade in landfills.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms

to the conventions of Standard English?

In recent years, many parents have expressed concern that the atmosphere of violence propagated by the American entertainment industry may be having a harmful effect on their children. Certainly these parents are correct that (1) violent acts such as murder, have become the pervasive theme of everything from feature films to television cartoons. But is this kind of depravity altogether new to the world of the (2) child. Haven’t parents for centuries been exposing their children to fairy tales that are at least as gory and violent?

Which choice completes the bolded text so that it conforms

to the conventions of Standard English?

As cars became more popular, their effect on population distribution was likewise profound. Unlike railroads, which helped concentrate the population in cities, the automobile contributed to urban sprawl and, eventually, to the rise of suburbs. People no longer needed to live near public transportation lines or within walking distance of their jobs, and so were drawn to outlying areas with less congestion and lower property taxes. Business districts became less centralized for similar reasons. Sadly, this movement toward suburbs exacerbated social stratification. Since cars were initially affordable only to wealthier people, the upper and middle classes moved out of cities. Many businesses followed, attracted by the educated, well-trained workforce. As good jobs also moved out of cities, the people who remained were further disadvantaged and even less able to leave. Though few anticipated it in the heady early days of suburban growth, by the century’s end cars had helped to further entrench social divisions in America by making possible great physical distances between rich and poor.

As bolded above, "profound" most nearly means?

When exploring the literary works of renowned author Maria Santiago, it is common for critics to highlight her incorporation of Western influences into her storytelling. However, what often goes unnoticed is Santiago’s profound connection to her native Latin American heritage and her deep engagement with its rich artistic traditions, such as magical realism. Throughout her literary career, ___________, blending the fantastical with the realistic in her narratives. While some critics praise her use of Western literary techniques, they may overlook the subtle nods to Latin American folklore, where myths and legends seamlessly intertwine with everyday life.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A member of the Cherokee Nation, Mary Golda Ross

is renowned for her contributions to NASA’s

Planetary Flight Handbook, which _______ detailed

mathematical guidance for missions to Mars and

Venus.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms

to the conventions of Standard English?

The following text is adapted from Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto’s 1925 memoir A Daughter of the Samurai. As a young woman, Sugimoto moved from feudal Japan to the United States.

The standards of my own and my adopted country differed so widely in some ways, and my love for both lands was so sincere, that sometimes I had an odd feeling of standing upon a cloud in space, and gazing with measuring eyes upon two separate worlds. At first I was continually trying to explain, by Japanese standards, all the queer things that came every day before my surprised eyes; for no one seemed to know the origin or significance of even the most familiar customs, nor why they existed and were followed.

Which choice best describes the main purpose of the text?